Boffetta P, Cardis E, Vainio H, Coleman M P, Kogevinas M, Nordberg G, Parkin D M, Partensky C, Shuker D, Tomatis L
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cours-Albert Thomas, France.
Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(11):1504-19. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90040-k.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has previously evaluated the cancer risks associated with fossil fuel-based industrial processes such as coal gastification and coke production, substances and mixtures such as coal tars, coal tar pitch and mineral oils, and a number of substances emitted from fossil-fuelled plants such as benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and formaldehyde. Based on these evaluations and other evidence from the literature, the carcinogenic risks to the general population and occupational groups from the fossil fuel cycle, the nuclear fuel cycle and renewable cycles are reviewed. Cancer risks from waste disposal, accidents and misuses, and electricity distribution are also considered. No cycle appears to be totally free from cancer risk, but the quantification of the effects of such exposures (in particular of those involving potential exposure to large amounts of carcinogens, such as coal, oil and nuclear) requires the application of methods which are subject to considerable margins of error. Uncertainties due to inadequate data and unconfirmed assumptions are discussed. Cancer risks related to the operation of renewable energy sources are negligible, although there may be some risks from construction of such installations. The elements of knowledge at our disposal do not encourage any attempt toward a quantitative comparative risk assessment. However, even in the absence of an accurate quantification of risk, qualitative indication of carcinogenic hazards should lead to preventive measures.
国际癌症研究机构此前已评估了与基于化石燃料的工业过程（如煤气化和焦炭生产）、煤焦油、煤焦油沥青和矿物油等物质及混合物，以及化石燃料发电厂排放的多种物质（如苯并[a]芘和其他多环芳烃、砷、铍、镉、铬、镍、铅和甲醛）相关的癌症风险。基于这些评估以及文献中的其他证据，对化石燃料循环、核燃料循环和可再生循环对一般人群和职业群体的致癌风险进行了审查。还考虑了废物处理、事故和滥用以及配电带来的癌症风险。似乎没有哪个循环完全没有癌症风险，但对此类暴露影响（特别是那些涉及潜在大量接触致癌物的暴露，如煤炭、石油和核能）的量化需要应用存在相当大误差范围的方法。讨论了数据不足和假设未经证实所导致的不确定性。与可再生能源运营相关的癌症风险可忽略不计，尽管此类设施建设可能存在一些风险。我们所掌握的知识内容不支持进行定量比较风险评估的任何尝试。然而，即使在无法准确量化风险的情况下，致癌危害的定性指示也应促使采取预防措施。
