Flack Sheila, Goktepe Ipek, Ball Louise M, Nylander-French Leena A
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7431, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
J Environ Monit. 2008 Mar;10(3):336-44. doi: 10.1039/b714882h. Epub 2008 Jan 18.
Quantitative methods to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to the fungicide propiconazole were developed in the laboratory and applied in the occupational exposure setting for monitoring five farm workers' exposure during pesticide preparation and application to peach crops. Dermal exposure was measured with tape-strips applied to the skin, and the amount of propiconazole was normalized to keratin content in the tape-strip. Inhalation exposure was measured with an OVS tube placed in the worker's breathing-zone during pesticide handling. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS in EI+ mode (limit of detection 6 pg microl(-1)). Dermal exposure ranged from non-detectable to 32.1 +/- 22.6 ng per microg keratin while breathing-zone concentrations varied from 0.2 to 2.2 microg m(-3). A positive correlation was observed between breathing-zone concentrations and ambient air temperature (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.01). Breathing-zone concentrations did not correlate with dermal exposure levels (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.52). Propiconazole levels were below limit of detection when rubber gloves, coveralls, and full-face mask were used. The total-body propiconazole dose, determined for each worker by summing the estimated dermal dose and inhalation dose, ranged from 0.01 to 12 microg per kg body weight per day. Our results show that tape-stripping of the skin and the OVS can be effectively utilized to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole, respectively, and that the dermal route of exposure contributed substantially more to the total dose than the inhalation route.
在实验室中开发了测量杀菌剂丙环唑皮肤和吸入暴露量的定量方法，并将其应用于职业暴露环境，以监测五名农场工人在农药配制和施用于桃树作物过程中的暴露情况。通过将胶带条贴在皮肤上测量皮肤暴露量，并将丙环唑的量根据胶带条中的角蛋白含量进行标准化。在农药处理过程中，通过放置在工人呼吸区的OVS管测量吸入暴露量。样品采用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪在EI +模式下进行分析（检测限为6 pg μl(-1)）。皮肤暴露量范围从不可检测到每微克角蛋白32.1±22.6纳克，而呼吸区浓度在0.2至2.2微克m(-3)之间变化。观察到呼吸区浓度与环境空气温度之间存在正相关（r2 = 0.87，p <0.01）。呼吸区浓度与皮肤暴露水平无相关性（r2 = 0.11，p = 0.52）。使用橡胶手套、工作服和全面罩时，丙环唑水平低于检测限。通过将估计的皮肤剂量和吸入剂量相加确定的每名工人的全身丙环唑剂量范围为每天每千克体重0.01至12微克。我们的结果表明，皮肤胶带剥离法和OVS可分别有效用于测量丙环唑的皮肤和吸入暴露量，并且皮肤暴露途径对总剂量的贡献比吸入途径大得多。
