López-Cepero J, Piedra Buena A, Díez-Rojo M A, Regalado R, Brito E, Hernández Z, Figueredo M, Almendros G, Bello A
ETSIA-Universidad de La Laguna, Ctra de Geneto no 2, ES-38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2007;72(3):703-11.
Fresh crop and garden residues were applied both under laboratory conditions and in commercial greenhouse in order to asses their effect on soil nematodes populations and soil fertility. In the laboratory experiments, dosages of 5 to 20 g of cabbage residues, chicken manure, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure, as well as leaves and stems of orange tree, pine tree, oleander, olive tree, palm tree and boxwood were mixed with 500 g soil having root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and soil moisture was adjusted at field capacity. A control treatment without residues was also included. The mixtures were kept into plastic bags, with four replications, and the bags were incubated for four weeks at 30 degrees C, when nematological and soil fertility analyses were carried out. In general, all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations and increased saprophagous nematodes, with slight effects on soil fertility except for the K increase with residues application. Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita were planted in pots with 300 cm3 of the treated soils and kept for five weeks in a growth chamber (24 +/- 1 degrees C, 14 hours light), when root galling indices were evaluated. Most materials applied reduced root galling indices as regards to the control. In the greenhouse experiment, cabbage residues, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure and grass+cabbage residues were applied to the soil and covered with a polyethylene sheet for 5 weeks. A cabbage residues:chicken manure treatment and a control (not-amended) treatment, without polyethylene, were also included. At the end of the experiment, the nematological analysis showed that all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations, reaching 86-100% mortality with organic amendments vs. 6% for the control. After the greenhouse biodesinfestation experiment, a tomato crop was grown for one month, when root galling indices were determined. All materials significantly reduced this value from 4.75 in the control to 1.0-2.25 with the organic amendments, except for the cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylene (index = 4.0). Our results show that fresh crop and garden residues successfully reduced M. incognita populations and root galling indices when applied with polyethylene covers, having good potential to be considered in integrated management programs.
为了评估新鲜作物和园艺残体对土壤线虫种群和土壤肥力的影响，在实验室条件和商业温室中都进行了施用。在实验室实验中，将5至20克白菜残体、鸡粪、白菜残体 + 鸡粪、草 + 鸡粪以及橙子树、松树、夹竹桃、橄榄树、棕榈树和黄杨的叶子和茎与500克带有根结线虫（南方根结线虫）的土壤混合，并将土壤湿度调节至田间持水量。还设置了一个不添加残体的对照处理。将混合物装入塑料袋中，重复四次，将袋子在30摄氏度下孵育四周，然后进行线虫学和土壤肥力分析。总体而言，所有这些材料均显著（P < 0.05）减少了南方根结线虫的种群数量，并增加了腐食性线虫数量，除了施用残体后钾含量增加外，对土壤肥力的影响较小。将易受南方根结线虫侵害的番茄植株种植在装有300立方厘米处理过土壤的花盆中，并在生长室（24 ± 1摄氏度，光照14小时）中放置五周，然后评估根瘤指数。与对照相比，大多数施用的材料都降低了根瘤指数。在温室实验中，将白菜残体、白菜残体 + 鸡粪、草 + 鸡粪和草 + 白菜残体施用于土壤，并覆盖聚乙烯薄膜5周。还设置了一个白菜残体:鸡粪处理和一个不覆盖聚乙烯的对照（未改良）处理。在实验结束时，线虫学分析表明，所有材料都成功控制了南方根结线虫的种群数量，有机改良剂处理的死亡率达到86% - 100%，而对照为6%。在温室生物除害实验后，种植了一茬番茄一个月，然后测定根瘤指数。除了不覆盖聚乙烯的白菜残体 + 鸡粪处理（指数 = 4.0）外，所有材料都显著将该值从对照的4.75降低到有机改良剂处理后的1.0 - 2.25。我们的结果表明，新鲜作物和园艺残体在覆盖聚乙烯薄膜施用时，成功减少了南方根结线虫的种群数量和根瘤指数，在综合管理计划中有很大的潜力被考虑应用。
