González Ana M, Karadsheh Naif, Maca-Meyer Nicole, Flores Carlos, Cabrera Vicente M, Larruga Jose M
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Ann Hum Biol. 2008 Mar-Apr;35(2):212-31. doi: 10.1080/03014460801946538.
The Levant is a crucial region in understanding human migrations between Africa and Eurasia. Although some mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been carried out in this region, they have not included the Jordan area. This paper deals with the mtDNA composition of two Jordan populations.
The main objectives of this article are: first, to report mtDNA sequences of an urban and an isolate sample from Jordan and, second, to compare them with each other and with other nearby populations.
The analyses are based on HVSI and HVSII mtDNA sequences and diagnostic RFLPs to unequivocally classify into haplogroups 101 Amman and 44 Dead Sea unrelated individuals from Jordan.
Statistical analysis revealed that, whereas the sample from Amman did not significantly differ from their Levantine neighbours, the Dead Sea sample clearly behaved as a genetic outlier in the region. Its outstanding Eurasian haplogroup U3 frequency (39%) and its south-Saharan Africa lineages (19%) are the highest in the Middle East. On the contrary, the lack ((preHV)1) or comparatively low frequency (J and T) of Neolithic lineages is also striking. Although strong drift by geographic isolation could explain the anomalous mtDNA pool of the Dead Sea sample, the fact that its mtDNA lineage composition mirrors, in geographic origin and haplogroup frequencies, its Y-chromosome pool, points to founder effect as the main cause. Ancestral M1 lineages detected in Jordan that have affinities with those recently found in Northwest but not East Africa question the African origin of the M1 haplogroup.
Results are in agreement with an old human settlement in the Jordan region. However, in spite of the attested migratory spreads, genetically divergent populations, such as that of the Dead Sea, still exist in the area.
黎凡特地区对于理解人类在非洲和欧亚大陆之间的迁徙至关重要。尽管该地区已开展了一些线粒体DNA（mtDNA）研究，但尚未涵盖约旦地区。本文探讨了约旦两个群体的mtDNA组成。
本文的主要目标是：第一，报告来自约旦的一个城市样本和一个孤立样本的mtDNA序列；第二，将它们相互比较，并与附近其他群体进行比较。
分析基于HVSI和HVSII mtDNA序列以及诊断性限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP），对来自约旦的101名安曼人和44名死海无关个体进行明确的单倍群分类。
统计分析表明，安曼样本与黎凡特地区的邻国样本无显著差异，而死海样本在该地区明显表现为基因异常值。其显著的欧亚单倍群U3频率（39%）和撒哈拉以南非洲谱系（19%）在中东地区最高。相反，新石器时代谱系的缺失（(preHV)1）或相对低频率（J和T）也很显著。尽管地理隔离导致的强烈漂变可以解释死海样本异常的mtDNA库，但事实上其mtDNA谱系组成在地理起源和单倍群频率上反映了其Y染色体库，这表明奠基者效应是主要原因。在约旦检测到的与最近在西北而非东非发现的祖先M1谱系具有亲缘关系，这对M1单倍群的非洲起源提出了质疑。
研究结果与约旦地区古老的人类定居情况相符。然而，尽管有迁徙扩散的证据，但该地区仍存在基因上有差异的群体，如死海群体。
