Ranganath Kate A, Nosek Brian A
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
Psychol Sci. 2008 Mar;19(3):249-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02076.x.
People are able to explicitly resist using knowledge about one person to evaluate another person from the same group. After learning about positive and negative behaviors performed by one individual from each of two different groups, participants were introduced briefly to new individuals from the groups. Implicit evaluations of the original individuals readily generalized to the new individuals; explicitly, participants resisted such generalization. Days later, both implicit and explicit evaluations of the original individuals generalized to the new individuals. The results suggest that associative links (e.g., shared group membership) are sufficient for implicit attitude generalization, but deliberative logic (e.g., individual group members are not necessarily the same) can reduce explicit generalization by association. When knowledge distinguishing who did what is unavailable, such as after forgetting, associative knowledge provides the basis of explicit evaluation. We conclude that a simple association linking one individual to another can produce implicit attitude generalization immediately and explicit attitude generalization eventually.
人们能够明确抵制利用关于一个人的知识去评价来自同一群体的另一个人。在了解了来自两个不同群体中各一个人的积极和消极行为后，参与者被简要介绍了来自这些群体的新个体。对原始个体的内隐评价很容易推广到新个体；但明确地说，参与者抵制这种推广。几天后，对原始个体的内隐和外显评价都推广到了新个体。结果表明，关联联系（例如，共享群体成员身份）足以实现内隐态度的推广，但深思熟虑的逻辑（例如，个体群体成员不一定相同）可以减少基于关联的外显推广。当区分谁做了什么的知识不可用时，比如在遗忘之后，关联知识就提供了外显评价的基础。我们得出结论，将一个人与另一个人联系起来的简单关联可以立即产生内隐态度的推广，并最终产生外显态度的推广。
