Cone Jeremy, Ferguson Melissa J
Department of Psychology.
Department of Psychology, Cornell University.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2015 Jan;108(1):37-57. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000014. Epub 2014 Nov 3.
Research suggests that implicit evaluations are relatively insensitive to single instances of new, countervailing information that contradicts prior learning. In 6 experiments, however, we identify the critical role of the perceived diagnosticity of that new information: Counterattitudinal information that is deemed highly diagnostic of the target's true nature leads to a complete reversal of the previous implicit evaluation. Experiments 1a and 1b establish this effect by showing that newly formed implicit evaluations are reversed minutes later with exposure to a single piece of highly diagnostic information. Experiment 2 demonstrates a valence asymmetry in participants' likelihood of exhibiting rapid reversals of newly formed positive versus negative implicit evaluations. Experiment 3 provides evidence that a target must be personally responsible for the counterattitudinal behavior and not merely incidentally associated with a negative act. Experiment 4 shows that participants exhibit revision only when they judge the target's counterattitudinal behavior as offensive and thus diagnostic of his character. Experiment 5 demonstrates the behavioral implications of newly revised implicit evaluations. These studies show that newly formed implicit evaluations can be completely overturned through deliberative considerations about a single piece of counterattitudinal information.
研究表明,内隐评价对与先前学习相矛盾的新的、抵消性信息的单个实例相对不敏感。然而,在6项实验中,我们确定了该新信息的感知诊断性的关键作用:被认为对目标真实本性具有高度诊断性的反态度信息会导致先前内隐评价的完全逆转。实验1a和1b通过表明新形成的内隐评价在接触一条高度诊断性信息几分钟后就会逆转,证实了这种效应。实验2证明了参与者在表现新形成的积极与消极内隐评价快速逆转可能性上的效价不对称。实验3提供了证据,表明目标必须对反态度行为承担个人责任,而不仅仅是偶然与消极行为相关联。实验4表明,参与者只有在判断目标的反态度行为具有冒犯性并因此能诊断其性格时才会表现出修正。实验5证明了新修正的内隐评价的行为含义。这些研究表明,新形成的内隐评价可以通过对一条反态度信息的深思熟虑而被完全推翻。