Dolliver Holly, Gupta Satish
Dep. of Plant and Earth Science, Univ. of Wisconsin-River Falls, 410 S. 3rd St., River Falls, WI 54022, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2008 May 2;37(3):1227-37. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0392. Print 2008 May-Jun.
A 3-yr field study quantified leaching and runoff losses of antibiotics from land application of liquid hog (chlortetracycline and tylosin) and solid beef (chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin) manures under chisel plowing and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted in southwestern Wisconsin, a karst area with steep, shallow, macroporous soils. Relative mass losses of chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin were <5% of the total amount applied with manure. Chlortetracycline was only detected in runoff, whereas monensin and tylosin were detected in leachate and runoff. Highest concentrations of monensin and tylosin in the leachate were 40.9 and 1.2 microg L(-1), respectively. Highest chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin concentrations in runoff were 0.5, 57.5, and 6.0 microg L(-1), respectively. For all three antibiotics, >90% of detections and 99% of losses occurred during the non-growing season due to fall manure application and slow degradation of antibiotics at cold temperatures. During years of high snowmelt, runoff accounted for nearly 100% of antibiotic losses, whereas during years of minimal snowmelt, runoff accounted for approximately 40% of antibiotic losses. Antibiotic losses were generally higher from the no-tillage compared with chisel plow treatment due to greater water percolation as a result of macroporosity and greater runoff due to lack of surface roughness in the no-tillage plots during the non-growing season. The results from this study suggest that small quantities of dissolved antibiotics could potentially reach surface and ground waters in the Upper Midwestern USA from manure-amended shallow macroporous soils underlain with fractured bedrock.
一项为期3年的田间研究，对凿耕和免耕系统下液体猪粪（金霉素和泰乐菌素）以及固体牛粪（金霉素、莫能菌素和泰乐菌素）土地施用中抗生素的淋溶和径流损失进行了量化。该研究在威斯康星州西南部进行，这是一个具有陡峭、浅薄、大孔隙土壤的岩溶地区。金霉素、莫能菌素和泰乐菌素的相对质量损失占粪便施用总量的<5%。金霉素仅在径流中被检测到，而莫能菌素和泰乐菌素在渗滤液和径流中均被检测到。渗滤液中莫能菌素和泰乐菌素的最高浓度分别为40.9和1.2微克/升。径流中金霉素、莫能菌素和泰乐菌素的最高浓度分别为0.5、57.5和6.0微克/升。对于所有三种抗生素，>90%的检测和99%的损失发生在非生长季节，这是由于秋季粪便施用以及低温下抗生素降解缓慢所致。在融雪量大的年份，径流占抗生素损失的近100%，而在融雪量最小的年份，径流占抗生素损失的约40%。由于免耕处理中存在大孔隙导致更大的水分渗透以及非生长季节免耕地块缺乏表面粗糙度导致更大的径流，与凿耕处理相比，免耕处理的抗生素损失通常更高。这项研究的结果表明，在美国中西部上游地区，少量溶解的抗生素可能会从粪便改良的浅薄大孔隙土壤（其下伏有裂隙基岩）进入地表水和地下水。
