Williams David R, Gonzalez Hector M, Williams Stacey, Mohammed Selina A, Moomal Hashim, Stein Dan J
Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2008 Aug;67(3):441-52. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.021. Epub 2008 May 15.
To assess the levels of perceived acute and chronic racial and non-racial discrimination in South Africa, their association with health, and the extent to which they contribute to racial differences in physical and mental health, data were used from a national probability sample of adults, the South African Stress and Health Study (SASH). All Black groups in South Africa (African, Coloured and Indian) were two to four times more likely than Whites to report acute and chronic experiences of racial discrimination. Africans and Coloureds report higher levels of ill health than Whites, but acute and chronic racial discrimination were unrelated to ill health and unimportant in accounting for racial differences in self-rated health. In contrast, all Black groups had higher levels of psychological distress than Whites, and perceived chronic discrimination was positively associated with distress. Moreover, these experiences accounted for some of the residual racial differences in distress after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Our main findings indicate that, in a historically racialized society, perceived chronic racial and especially non-racial discrimination acts independently of demographic factors, other stressors, psychological factors (social desirability, self-esteem and personal mastery), and multiple SES indicators to adversely affect mental health.
为评估南非感知到的急性和慢性种族及非种族歧视水平、它们与健康的关联以及它们对身心健康方面种族差异的影响程度，研究使用了来自全国成年人概率样本——南非压力与健康研究（SASH）的数据。南非所有黑人群体（非洲人、有色人种和印度人）报告急性和慢性种族歧视经历的可能性是白人的两到四倍。非洲人和有色人种报告的健康不佳水平高于白人，但急性和慢性种族歧视与健康不佳无关，且在解释自评健康的种族差异方面并不重要。相比之下，所有黑人群体的心理困扰水平都高于白人，且感知到的慢性歧视与困扰呈正相关。此外，在对社会经济地位进行调整后，这些经历解释了困扰方面一些残留的种族差异。我们的主要研究结果表明，在一个历史上存在种族化的社会中，感知到的慢性种族歧视，尤其是非种族歧视，独立于人口因素、其他压力源、心理因素（社会期望、自尊和个人掌控感）以及多个社会经济地位指标，对心理健康产生不利影响。
