Austgard Kitt I
Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway.
Scand J Caring Sci. 2008 Jun;22(2):314-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00526.x.
The aim of this study was to identify some common characteristics associated with nursing care based on the historical text by the nursing pioneer, Rikke Nissen, and the modern philosophy of care, principally that of Kari M. Martinsen. The hermeneutic approach has been inspired by Gadamer's thinking. His philosophy influenced interpretation and reflection on the content of historical and modern text. Typical basic characteristics associated with nursing care can be grouped into three mutually reinforcing areas: (i) the notion of excellence in nursing care, (ii) the relationship between nursing care and moral values, and (iii) caring as an interpretational exercise. The most significant core element was the strong relationship between care and professional judgement (or clinical judgement), and the requirement of analytic cognition on different levels of abstraction in context with the patient. In the early days of nursing, care was a concept deeply rooted in Christian philosophy. Within modern nursing philosophy, care is conceptualized in a number of ways, depending on philosophical stance and world view. What seems absolutely necessary is to differentiate between the concept of care on the superordinate level and each individual philosopher's unique perspective on care. As a superordinate term, nursing care encompasses the patient's fundamental needs, as well as the patient's values and experience. Nursing care is characterized by the holistic view and the moral inherent in excellent nursing. Excluding the patient as a unique human being, should be regarded as noncaring and amoral practice. Whether nursing care represents a specific domain of knowledge is still an unanswered question, and something which has consequences for the application of a caring philosophy in nursing practice and the state of caring knowledge in nursing.
本研究的目的是根据护理先驱里克·尼森的历史文本以及现代护理理念，主要是卡里·M·马丁森的护理理念，确定与护理相关的一些共同特征。诠释学方法受到伽达默尔思想的启发。他的哲学影响了对历史文本和现代文本内容的解读与反思。与护理相关的典型基本特征可分为三个相互强化的领域：（i）优质护理的概念；（ii）护理与道德价值观之间的关系；（iii）护理作为一种诠释活动。最显著的核心要素是护理与专业判断（或临床判断）之间的紧密关系，以及在与患者相关的不同抽象层面上进行分析性认知的要求。在护理早期，护理是一个深深植根于基督教哲学的概念。在现代护理理念中，护理根据哲学立场和世界观有多种概念化方式。绝对有必要区分上级层面的护理概念与每位哲学家对护理的独特观点。作为一个上级术语，护理涵盖患者的基本需求以及患者的价值观和经历。护理的特点是整体观以及优质护理中固有的道德性。将患者排除在外，视为一个独特的个体，应被视为不关心和不道德的行为。护理是否代表一个特定的知识领域仍是一个未解决的问题，这对护理实践中护理理念的应用以及护理领域的护理知识状况都有影响。
