Oberfeld Daniel, Hecht Heiko
Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2008 Jun;34(3):605-23. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.605.
The effects of moving task-irrelevant objects on time-to-contact (TTC) judgments were examined in 5 experiments. Observers viewed a directly approaching target in the presence of a distractor object moving in parallel with the target. In Experiments 1 to 4, observers decided whether the target would have collided with them earlier or later than a standard (absolute identification task). A contrast effect was observed: If the distractor arrived later than the target, it caused a bias toward early responses, relative to the condition without a distractor. The early-arriving distractor had no significant effect. The pattern of results was unaltered when potentially confounding information from individual visual cues was removed. The availability of stereoscopic information reduced the effect. The contrast effect was also observed if target and distractor were abstract geometric objects rather than simulations of real-world vehicles, rendering less likely a simple safety strategy activated by a potentially threatening distractor. Experiment 5 showed that the effect of the late-arriving distractor generalized to a prediction-motion task. The results indicate that task-irrelevant information in the background has to be considered in revision of time-to-contact theory.
在5个实验中，研究了移动与任务无关的物体对接触时间（TTC）判断的影响。观察者在一个与目标平行移动的干扰物体存在的情况下，观看一个直接靠近的目标。在实验1至4中，观察者要判断目标与他们碰撞的时间是早于还是晚于一个标准（绝对识别任务）。观察到一种对比效应：如果干扰物比目标晚到达，相对于没有干扰物的情况，它会导致偏向于早期反应的偏差。提前到达的干扰物没有显著影响。当去除来自各个视觉线索的潜在混淆信息时，结果模式没有改变。立体视觉信息的可用性降低了这种效应。如果目标和干扰物是抽象几何物体而不是真实世界车辆的模拟，也观察到了对比效应，这使得由潜在威胁性干扰物激活的简单安全策略不太可能出现。实验5表明，晚到干扰物的效应推广到了预测运动任务。结果表明，在接触时间理论的修正中必须考虑背景中的任务无关信息。
