Dwivedi Sangam, Perotti Enrico, Ortiz Rodomiro
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2008 Aug;6(6):529-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00343.x. Epub 2008 May 26.
The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase, flowering per se, floral organ development, panicle structure and morphology, meiosis, pollination and fertilization, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration, and grain development are the main reproductive traits. Unlocking their genetic insights will enable plant breeders to manipulate these traits in cereal germplasm enhancement. Multiple genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting flowering (phase transition, photoperiod and vernalization, flowering per se), panicle morphology and grain development have been cloned, and gene expression research has provided new information about the nature of complex genetic networks involved in the expression of these traits. Molecular biology is also facilitating the identification of diverse CMS sources in hybrid breeding. Few Rf (fertility restorer) genes have been cloned in maize, rice and sorghum. DNA markers are now used to assess the genetic purity of hybrids and their parental lines, and to pyramid Rf or tms (thermosensitive male sterility) genes in rice. Transgene(s) can be used to create de novo CMS trait in cereals. The understanding of reproductive biology facilitated by functional genomics will allow a better manipulation of genes by crop breeders and their potential use across species through genetic transformation.
从营养生长阶段到生殖生长阶段的转变、开花本身、花器官发育、穗结构与形态、减数分裂、授粉与受精、细胞质雄性不育（CMS）与育性恢复以及籽粒发育是主要的生殖性状。揭示这些性状的遗传奥秘将使植物育种家能够在谷物种质改良中操控这些性状。影响开花（阶段转变、光周期与春化作用、开花本身）、穗形态和籽粒发育的多个基因或数量性状位点（QTL）已被克隆，基因表达研究为这些性状表达所涉及的复杂遗传网络的本质提供了新信息。分子生物学也有助于在杂交育种中鉴定多种CMS来源。在玉米、水稻和高粱中已克隆出少数育性恢复（Rf）基因。DNA标记现在用于评估杂交种及其亲本系的遗传纯度，以及在水稻中聚合Rf或温敏雄性不育（tms）基因。转基因可用于在谷物中从头创造CMS性状。功能基因组学促进的对生殖生物学的理解将使作物育种家能够更好地操控基因，并通过遗传转化在不同物种间实现其潜在应用。
