Hoover Wm G, Hoover Carol G
Ruby Valley Research Institute, Highway Contract 60, Box 598 Ruby Valley, Nevada 89833, USA.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2008 Apr;77(4 Pt 1):041104. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.041104. Epub 2008 Apr 4.
We analyze temperature and thermometry for simple nonequilibrium heat-conducting models. We also show in detail, for both two- and three-dimensional systems, that the ideal-gas thermometer corresponds to the concept of a local instantaneous mechanical kinetic temperature. For the phi4 models investigated here the mechanical temperature closely approximates the local thermodynamic equilibrium temperature. There is a significant difference between the kinetic temperature and nonlocal configurational temperature. Neither obeys the predictions of extended irreversible thermodynamics. Overall, we find that the kinetic temperature, as modeled and imposed by the Nosé-Hoover thermostats developed in 1984, provides the simplest means for simulating, analyzing, and understanding nonequilibrium heat flows.
我们分析了简单非平衡热传导模型的温度和测温法。我们还详细表明，对于二维和三维系统，理想气体温度计对应于局部瞬时机械动力学温度的概念。对于此处研究的phi4模型，机械温度非常接近局部热力学平衡温度。动力学温度和非局部构型温度之间存在显著差异。两者均不符合扩展不可逆热力学的预测。总体而言，我们发现，如1984年开发的诺思-胡佛恒温器所建模和施加的动力学温度，为模拟、分析和理解非平衡热流提供了最简单的方法。
