Caldwell Kathleen L, Jones Robert L, Verdon Carl P, Jarrett Jeffery M, Caudill Samuel P, Osterloh John D
Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2009 Jan;19(1):59-68. doi: 10.1038/jes.2008.32. Epub 2008 Jun 4.
To provide levels of total and speciated urinary arsenic in a representative sample of the US population.
For the first time, total arsenic and seven inorganic and organic arsenic species were measured in the urine of participants (n=2557) for the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data were compiled as geometric means and selected percentiles of urinary arsenic concentrations (microg/l) and creatinine-corrected urinary arsenic (microg/g creatinine) for total arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and a sum of the inorganic related species.
Arsenic acid, arsenous acid, arsenocholine, and trimethylarsine oxide were detected in 7.6%, 4.6%, 1.8%, and 0.3% of the participants, respectively (the limits of detection of 0.6-1.2 microg/l). Monomethylarsonic acid was detected in 35% of the overall population. For all participants aged > or =6 years, dimethylarsinic acid (geometric mean of 3.71 microg/l) and arsenobetaine (geometric mean of 1.55 microg/l) had the greatest contribution to the total urinary arsenic levels. A relatively greater percentage contribution from arsenobetaine is seen at higher total urinary arsenic levels and from dimethylarsinic acid at lower total urinary arsenic levels. For all participants aged > or =6 years, the 95th percentiles for total urinary arsenic and the sum of inorganic-related arsenic (arsenic acid, arsenous acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and monomethylarsonic acid) were 65.4 and 18.9 microg/l, respectively. For total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid, covariate-adjusted geometric means demonstrated several slight differences due to age, gender, and race/ethnicity.
The data reflect relative background contributions of inorganic and seafood-related arsenic exposures in the US population. Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid are the major arsenic species present with arsenobetaine, accounting for a greater proportion of total arsenic as total arsenic levels increase.
提供美国人群代表性样本中尿总砷及砷形态的水平。
在2003 - 2004年国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）中，首次对参与者（n = 2557）的尿液进行了总砷以及七种无机和有机砷形态的检测。数据整理为尿砷浓度（微克/升）和肌酐校正尿砷（微克/克肌酐）的几何均值及选定百分位数，涉及总砷、二甲基砷酸、砷甜菜碱以及无机相关形态的总和。
砷酸、亚砷酸、砷胆碱和氧化三甲基砷分别在7.6%、4.6%、1.8%和0.3%的参与者中被检测到（检测限为0.6 - 1.2微克/升）。一甲基胂酸在总体人群中的检出率为35%。对于所有年龄≥6岁的参与者，二甲基砷酸（几何均值为3.71微克/升）和砷甜菜碱（几何均值为1.55微克/升）对尿总砷水平的贡献最大。在尿总砷水平较高时，砷甜菜碱的贡献比例相对较大；在尿总砷水平较低时，二甲基砷酸的贡献比例相对较大。对于所有年龄≥6岁的参与者，尿总砷和无机相关砷（砷酸、亚砷酸、二甲基砷酸和一甲基胂酸）总和的第95百分位数分别为65.4和18.9微克/升。对于总砷和二甲基砷酸，经协变量调整后的几何均值因年龄、性别和种族/族裔存在一些细微差异。
这些数据反映了美国人群中无机砷暴露和与海鲜相关的砷暴露的相对背景贡献。砷甜菜碱和二甲基砷酸是主要的砷形态，随着总砷水平升高，砷甜菜碱占总砷的比例更大。
