Chemokines as therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma.

Targeting novel pathways associated with tumor angiogenesis, invasion and immunity, may lead to improvement in patient outcomes for renal cell carcinoma. Chemokines potentiate tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion through interactions with stromal cells and neoplastic cells. Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in chemokine-mediated angiogenesis and metastasis may lead to improved therapeutic strategies in this disease. Interactions between chemokine expression and signaling, and the VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways offer important opportunities to intervene in the process of renal cell carcinoma proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. Modulation of the CXCR3/CXCR3-ligand or the CXCR4/CXCL12 biologic axis may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, combination treatment with agents targeting chemokine signaling with therapies directed at angiogenesis and tumor immunity may lead to improved outcomes in this disease.