Treno Andrew J, Ponicki William R, Remer Lillian G, Gruenewald Paul J
Prevention Research Center, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Aug;32(8):1372-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00708.x. Epub 2008 Jun 6.
Despite recent research examining youth access to alcohol, the extent to which relative ease of access to alcohol from various sources translates into the use of these sources is not known.
Patterns of adolescent alcohol access in California were studied using a hierarchical analysis of self-reported and archival measures. A survey of 30 youths age 14 to 16 in each of 50 zip codes selected to maximize variability in median household income and off-premise outlet densities was conducted.
(1) Both actual use of and perceived ease of access to formal sources were positively associated with off-premise outlet density (a measure of formal access). (2) Actual use of informal sources was negatively associated with outlet densities. (3) Perceived and realized informal access were associated positively with deviance and negatively with conventionality. (4) Deviance was associated with increased perceived and realized access from both formal and social sources, whereas conventionality was only associated with realized and perceived informal access.
Correlates of perceived and actual alcohol access differ somewhat, and the differences between informal and formal access (both perceived and actual) are many, creating a complex picture of the patterns of underage access to alcohol. Youth drinking is affected by opportunities and constraints. Specifically, as one form of access becomes constrained, youth appear to circumvent restrictions by relying on other modes of access. Thus interventions targeting formal alcohol access by youth may result in a shift to reliance on social sources. This complex problem requires a multi-faceted intervention approach.
尽管近期有研究探讨青少年获取酒精饮料的情况，但尚不清楚从各种来源相对容易获取酒精饮料在多大程度上会转化为对这些来源的使用。
通过对自我报告和档案测量进行分层分析，研究了加利福尼亚州青少年获取酒精饮料的模式。对从50个邮政编码区域中选取的、每个区域30名年龄在14至16岁之间的青少年进行了调查，这些区域的选取旨在使家庭收入中位数和店外销售点密度的差异最大化。
（1）对正规来源的实际使用和感知到的获取容易程度均与店外销售点密度（一种正规获取的衡量指标）呈正相关。（2）对非正规来源的实际使用与销售点密度呈负相关。（3）感知到的和实际的非正规获取与偏差行为呈正相关，与传统行为呈负相关。（4）偏差行为与从正规和社交来源感知到的和实际的获取增加相关，而传统行为仅与感知到的和实际的非正规获取相关。
感知到的和实际的酒精获取相关因素存在一定差异，非正规和正规获取（包括感知到的和实际的）之间的差异众多，这使得未成年人获取酒精饮料的模式呈现出复杂的情况。青少年饮酒受到机会和限制的影响。具体而言，当一种获取形式受到限制时，青少年似乎会通过依赖其他获取方式来规避限制。因此，针对青少年正规获取酒精饮料的干预措施可能会导致转向依赖社交来源。这个复杂的问题需要多方面的干预方法。
