Chromosomal evolution and distribution of telomeric repeats in golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Mammalia).

Golden moles (Chrysochloridae) are small, subterranean mammals endemic to sub-Saharan Africa that together with tenrecs constitute one of six orders in Afrotheria. Here we present a comprehensive karyotypic comparison among six species/subspecies of golden moles based on G-banding and chromosome painting. By expanding the species representation to include a further five species recently published in a companion paper, we were able to map the distribution of telomeric repeats in ten species/subspecies that are representative of six of the nine currently recognized genera. We conclude that: (i) the monophyly of Amblysomus is supported by the amplification of heterochromatin in several pericentric regions and one intrachromosomal rearrangement; (ii) A. hottentotus meesteri groups as sister to a clade that contains A. h. hottentotus, A. h. longiceps, A. h. pondoliae and A. robustus, an association that is underpinned by a shared intrachromosomal rearrangement and the detection of telomeric sequences in the centromeres of all chromosomes of the three A. hottentotus subspecies and A. robustus but, importantly, not in those of A. h. meesteri. These findings indicate an absence of gene flow suggesting that A. h. meesteri should be elevated to specific status. We hypothesize that the lack of gene flow may, in part, reflect hybrid dysgenesis resulting from abnormal meiotic segregation as a consequence of differences in the nature of the centromeric specific satellites; (iii) chromosomes 7 and 13 of Chrysochloris asiatica are fused in both Calcochloris obtusirostris and Eremitalpa granti, but that the position of the centromere in the fused chromosome differs in each species. This suggests that rather than being indicative of common ancestry, the fusion is more likely a convergent character which has arisen independently in each lineage. Furthermore our painting data show two centromeric shifts that are probably autapomorphic for C. obtusirostris. Finally, we conclude that (iv) golden moles are characterized by strong karyotypic conservatism but in marked contrast to the constrained rates of change exhibited by most species, A. robustus is unique in that three autapomorphic fissions define its evolutionary history, and hence the more extensive reshuffling of its genome.