Anderson James R, Kuroshima Hika, Paukner Annika, Fujita Kazuo
Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
Anim Cogn. 2009 Jan;12(1):55-62. doi: 10.1007/s10071-008-0170-3. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
Many studies have used mirror-image stimulation in attempts to find self-recognition in monkeys. However, very few studies have presented monkeys with video images of themselves; the present study is the first to do so with capuchin monkeys. Six tufted capuchin monkeys were individually exposed to live face-on and side-on video images of themselves (experimental Phase 1). Both video screens initially elicited considerable interest. Two adult males looked preferentially at their face-on image, whereas two adult females looked preferentially at their side-on image; the latter elicited lateral movements and head-cocking. Only males showed communicative facial expressions, which were directed towards the face-on screen. In Phase 2 monkeys discriminated between real-time, face-on images and identical images delayed by 1 s, with the adult females especially preferring real-time images. In this phase both screens elicited facial expressions, shown by all monkeys. In Phase 3 there was no evidence of discrimination between previously recorded video images of self and similar images of a familiar conspecific. Although they showed no signs of explicit self-recognition, the monkeys' behaviour strongly suggests recognition of the correspondence between kinaesthetic information and external visual effects. In species such as humans and great apes, this type of self-awareness feeds into a system that gives rise to explicit self-recognition.
许多研究都采用了镜像刺激来试图在猴子身上找到自我识别能力。然而，很少有研究向猴子展示它们自己的视频图像；本研究是首次对卷尾猴进行这样的实验。六只簇绒卷尾猴被分别暴露于它们自己正面和侧面的实时视频图像中（实验阶段1）。两个视频屏幕最初都引起了相当大的兴趣。两只成年雄性猴子优先看向它们的正面图像，而两只成年雌性猴子则优先看向它们的侧面图像；后者引发了侧向移动和歪头动作。只有雄性猴子表现出面向正面屏幕的交流性面部表情。在阶段2中，猴子能够区分实时正面图像和延迟1秒的相同图像，成年雌性猴子尤其喜欢实时图像。在这个阶段，两个屏幕都引发了所有猴子表现出的面部表情。在阶段3中，没有证据表明猴子能够区分之前录制的自己的视频图像和熟悉的同种个体的类似图像。尽管它们没有表现出明确的自我识别迹象，但猴子的行为强烈表明它们能够识别动觉信息和外部视觉效果之间的对应关系。在人类和大猩猩等物种中，这种自我意识会融入到一个产生明确自我识别的系统中。
