Ugalde José Alfredo Hernández, Urpí Jorge Mora, Nuñez Oscar Rocha
Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica.
Rev Biol Trop. 2008 Mar;56(1):217-45.
Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the peach palm (Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes Kunth) was evaluated using four nuclear DNA microsatellites in an effort to elucidate the evolution and domestication of this crop. A total of 258 samples from seven wild populations and eleven races were analyzed. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 50 alleles were identified. Average genetic diversity (0.67) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst=0.16) were high when all populations were considered. Genetic differentiation was lower when the populations were grouped according to their origin into Western and Eastern populations (Fst=0.13 for both). Gene flow was slightly higher among Western populations (Nm=1.71) than among Eastern populations (Nm=1.62). The Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique and Guatuso races seem to have been subjected to intense human selection. Hybrid populations exist in Azuero, Tuira, Cauca, Vaupés, Puerto Ayacucho and Solimões, probably resulting from exchange and introgressions among sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Genetic distance (Dm) was estimated to determine the degree of relationship among populations using the neighbor-joining method; the wild populations from Maracaibo were used as the outgroup. The populations were divided into three general groups: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua and B. macana var arapuey), Eastern Amazon (Tembe, Pará and Acre) and a third group with two subgroups, Western (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique and Guatuso) and Upper Amazon (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, Vaupés and Putumayo). The genetic relationships strongly support the hypothesis that peach palm was brought into cultivation independently in no less than three areas: the Western Andes (extending into lower Central America); Upper Amazon (extending into the Solimões and its tributaries), and the Eastern Amazon (extending from Bolivia to the lower Amazon through the Madeira River).
利用微卫星标记研究桃棕（Bactris gasipaes，棕榈科）野生种群和栽培种群的遗传多样性及亲缘关系。为阐明桃棕（Pejibaye，Bactris gasipaes Kunth）的进化和驯化过程，利用四个核DNA微卫星对其遗传多样性进行了评估。共分析了来自7个野生种群和11个品种的258个样本。所有位点均具有多态性，共鉴定出50个等位基因。当考虑所有种群时，平均遗传多样性（0.67）和种群间的遗传分化（Fst = 0.16）较高。当根据种群的起源将其分为西部种群和东部种群时，遗传分化较低（两者的Fst均为0.13）。西部种群间的基因流（Nm = 1.71）略高于东部种群（Nm = 1.62）。普图马约、尤里马瓜斯、沃佩斯、图库里克和瓜托索品种似乎受到了强烈的人工选择。在阿苏埃罗、图伊拉、考卡、沃佩斯、阿亚库乔港和索利蒙斯存在杂交种群，这可能是同域野生种群和栽培种群之间交换和渗入的结果。利用邻接法估计遗传距离（Dm）以确定种群间的亲缘关系程度；以马拉开波的野生种群作为外类群。种群被分为三大类：马拉开波（B. caribaea、B. macana var veragua和B. macana var arapuey）、东部亚马逊地区（滕贝、帕拉和阿克里）以及第三类，该类有两个亚组，西部亚组（阿苏埃罗、琼蒂利亚、图伊拉、考卡、图库里克和瓜托索）和上亚马逊地区亚组（B. dahlgreniana、阿亚库乔港、索利蒙斯、沃佩斯和普图马约）。遗传关系有力地支持了以下假设：桃棕至少在三个地区被独立驯化：安第斯山脉西部（延伸至中美洲低地）；上亚马逊地区（延伸至索利蒙斯及其支流），以及东部亚马逊地区（从玻利维亚经马德拉河延伸至亚马逊河下游）。
