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丽鱼科鱼类的生态位分化取决于体型大小:一个根据大小规律构建的群落的模型系统。

Niche differentiation depends on body size in a cichlid fish: a model system of a community structured according to size regularities.

作者信息

Kohda Masanori, Shibata Jun-Ya, Awata Satoshi, Gomagano Daisuke, Takeyama Tomohiro, Hori Michio, Heg Dik

机构信息

Department of Biology and Geosciences, Laboratory of Animal Sociology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2008 Sep;77(5):859-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01414.x. Epub 2008 Jul 8.

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01414.x
PMID:18624738
Abstract
  1. Communities of different species are often structured according to niche differentiation associated with competitive interactions. We show that similar principles may apply on an ecological time-scale when individuals of a species having a wide size variation compete for resources, using the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Lobochilotes labiatus (5-30 cm). This species has a mouth especially adapted to suck up invertebrates from rock crevices. 2. Individuals defended feeding territories against similar-sized conspecifics, but not against different-sized ones. Thus, territories of similar-sized fish rarely overlapped, but up to a total of seven individuals (of seven size-ranks) had broadly overlapping territories with dissimilar-sized individuals. Comparison with expectation from the null model demonstrated clearly that observed size ratios between adjacent size rank were determined non-randomly regardless of sexual combinations. 3. Larger individuals took larger prey types of larger average size, but more importantly used wider rock crevices from which to suck food than smaller individuals. We calculated pairwise values of Schoener's index of diet overlap C(d) and the values of Levin's index of diet breadth B(d) (prey type and prey size) and the same for the width of the rock crevices used for foraging (C(r) and B(r)). C(d) remained high among all combinations of the seven ranks. In contrast, C(r) declined strongly in combinations of adjacent ranks (to 0.27), and was low or zero among further different size ranks. This shows that fish with overlapping territories divided the food resources largely through foraging site partitioning. Accordingly, B(d) did not depend on the size difference to the nearest two coinhabiting fish, whereas B(r) did. 4. We conclude that this L. labiatus community is structured non-randomly: body size-dependent effects on foraging site usage result in competition with, and territorial exclusion of, similar-sized individuals, but not of dissimilar-sized individuals that were accepted as coinhabitants. Accordingly, mean body size ratios (large/small) between two adjacent ranks were consistently approximately 1.28 [standard deviation (SD) = 0.07, n = 104], while approximately 1.34 from the null model (SD = 0.34, n = 10 400 simulations). We discuss our results as an example of Hutchinson's rule, applied originally to size ratios of different species.
摘要
  1. 不同物种的群落通常根据与竞争相互作用相关的生态位分化来构建。我们发现,当一个具有广泛体型变化的物种的个体争夺资源时,类似的原则可能在生态时间尺度上适用,我们以坦噶尼喀湖丽鱼科鱼类洛氏低纹鮨(Lobochilotes labiatus,体长5 - 30厘米)为例进行研究。该物种的嘴特别适合从岩石裂缝中吸食无脊椎动物。2. 个体针对体型相似的同种个体保卫觅食领地,但不针对体型不同的个体。因此,体型相似的鱼的领地很少重叠,但多达七个个体(分七个体型等级)与体型不同的个体有广泛重叠的领地。与零模型预期的比较清楚地表明,无论性别组合如何,相邻体型等级之间观察到的体型比例是非随机确定的。3. 较大的个体捕食平均体型更大的猎物类型,但更重要的是,与较小的个体相比,它们使用更宽的岩石裂缝来吸食食物。我们计算了Schoener饮食重叠指数C(d)的成对值以及Levin饮食广度指数B(d)(猎物类型和猎物大小)的值,以及用于觅食的岩石裂缝宽度的相同值(C(r)和B(r))。在七个等级的所有组合中,C(d)都保持在较高水平。相比之下,相邻等级组合中的C(r)大幅下降(至0.27),在更远的不同体型等级中较低或为零。这表明领地重叠的鱼主要通过觅食地点划分来分配食物资源。因此,B(d)不依赖于与最近的两个共居鱼类的体型差异,而B(r)则依赖。4. 我们得出结论,这种洛氏低纹鮨群落的结构是非随机的:体型对觅食地点使用的依赖性影响导致与体型相似的个体竞争并将其排除在领地之外,但不会排除被接纳为共居者的体型不同的个体。因此,两个相邻等级之间的平均体型比例(大/小)始终约为1.28 [标准差(SD)= 0.07,n = 104],而零模型的约为1.34(SD = 0.34,n = 10400次模拟)。我们将我们的结果作为哈钦森法则的一个例子进行讨论,该法则最初应用于不同物种的体型比例。

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