Garland D J, Barry J R
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
Am J Psychol. 1991 Summer;104(2):211-28.
To extend and clarify the nature of the perceptual processes used by sport experts to perceive schematic sport information, two experiments used schematic football diagrams that varied in structure (structured vs. unstructured) and complexity (complex vs. easy). The primary objective was to examine and characterize the nature of the perceptual structures (chunks) that are initially encoded, stored, and subsequently retrieved. In Experiment 1, compared with nonexperts, experts recalled larger perceptual structures following the initial stimulus presentation of structured stimuli only, replicating the recall findings of previous research in other skill domains. Experiment 2 used a long-term memory recognition task and a sorting task. Experts had superior recall and recognition of structured stimuli only, along with more discriminating sorting criteria of perceptual structures within long-term memory. This suggests that experts possess a highly refined semantic network or organized, structured schematic information. This research extends and clarifies the similarities between the perceptual processes of experts in sport (i.e., football) and experts in skill domains that require obvious cognitive involvement (i.e., chess). The results are discussed with reference to the perceptual and conceptual chunking hypotheses. It is proposed that sport experts' knowledge of a conceptual category enables them to retrieve elements using a "generate-and-test process."
为了拓展并阐明体育专家在感知示意性体育信息时所使用的感知过程的本质，两项实验使用了在结构（结构化与非结构化）和复杂性（复杂与简单）方面存在差异的示意性足球图表。主要目的是检验并描述最初被编码、存储以及随后被提取的感知结构（组块）的本质。在实验1中，与非专家相比，专家仅在最初呈现结构化刺激后能回忆起更大的感知结构，这重复了先前在其他技能领域的回忆研究结果。实验2使用了长期记忆识别任务和分类任务。专家仅对结构化刺激有更好的回忆和识别能力，同时在长期记忆中对感知结构有更具区分性的分类标准。这表明专家拥有高度精细的语义网络或有组织、结构化的示意性信息。这项研究拓展并阐明了体育（即足球）专家与需要明显认知参与的技能领域（即国际象棋）专家在感知过程上的相似之处。研究结果结合感知和概念组块假设进行了讨论。有人提出，体育专家对概念类别的了解使他们能够通过“生成并检验过程”来提取元素。
