Williams A M
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2000 Sep;18(9):737-50. doi: 10.1080/02640410050120113.
In this review, key components of perceptual skill in soccer are identified and implications for talent identification and development highlighted. Skilled soccer players can recall and recognize patterns of play more effectively than their less skilled counterparts. This ability to encode, retrieve and recognize sport-specific information is due to complex and discriminating long-term memory structures and is crucial to anticipation in soccer. Similarly, experts use their knowledge of situational probabilities (i.e. expectations) to anticipate future events. They have a better than average idea of what is likely to happen given a particular set of circumstances. Also, proficiency-related differences in visual search strategy are observed. Skilled players use their superior knowledge to control the eye movement patterns necessary for seeking and picking up important sources of information. The nature of the task plays an important role in constraining the type of search used. Skilled soccer players use different search strategies when viewing the whole field (i.e. 11 vs 11 situations) compared with micro-states of the game (i.e. 1 vs 1, 3 vs 3 situations). Visual search behaviour also differs between defensive and offensive plays. These observations have implications for the development of perceptual training programmes and the identification of potential elite soccer players.
在本综述中，确定了足球运动中感知技能的关键组成部分，并强调了其对人才识别和发展的影响。技术娴熟的足球运动员比技术欠佳的同行能够更有效地回忆和识别比赛模式。这种编码、检索和识别特定运动信息的能力归因于复杂且有区分性的长期记忆结构，对足球运动中的预判至关重要。同样，专家利用他们对情境概率（即预期）的了解来预测未来事件。在特定的一系列情况下，他们对可能发生的事情的了解比一般人更好。此外，还观察到视觉搜索策略与熟练程度相关的差异。技术娴熟的球员利用他们更丰富的知识来控制寻找和获取重要信息源所需的眼球运动模式。任务的性质在限制所使用的搜索类型方面起着重要作用。与比赛的微观状态（即1对1、3对3的情况）相比，技术娴熟的足球运动员在观察整个球场（即11对11的情况）时会使用不同的搜索策略。防守和进攻战术中的视觉搜索行为也有所不同。这些观察结果对感知训练计划的制定和潜在优秀足球运动员的识别具有启示意义。
