Lorusso Lorenzo
Department of Neurology, Mellino Mellini Hospital, Chiari, Italy.
J Hist Neurosci. 2008;17(3):314-34. doi: 10.1080/09647040802132023.
During the Renaissance, different artists began to draw medical illustrations from various viewpoints. Leonardo da Vinci was among those who sought to portray the emotional as well as the physical qualities of man. Other European artists described caricatural aspects of medical activities. In Northern Europe, Albrecht Durer, Hieronymus Bosch, and Pieter Brueghel were also famous for drawing caricatures. Later English artists, notably William Hogarth, Thomas Rowlandson, James Gillray, and the Cruikshanks, satirized life in general and the medical profession in particular. In Spain, Francisco Goya's works became increasingly macabre and satirical following his own mysterious illness and, in France, Honore Daumier used satire and humor to expose medical quackery. Also physicians such as Charles Bell and Jean-Martin Charcot were talented caricaturists. Their own personal artistic styles reflected their approach and gave a different "image" of neurology. Caricatures were popular portraits of developments in science and medicine and were frequently used whenever scientific language was too difficult to disseminate, in particular in the field of neurology.
在文艺复兴时期，不同的艺术家开始从各种视角绘制医学插图。列奥纳多·达·芬奇便是那些试图描绘人类情感与身体特质的艺术家之一。其他欧洲艺术家描绘了医学活动的滑稽方面。在北欧，阿尔布雷希特·丢勒、希罗尼穆斯·博斯和彼得·勃鲁盖尔也以绘制漫画而闻名。后来的英国艺术家，尤其是威廉·霍加斯、托马斯·罗兰森、詹姆斯·吉尔雷和克鲁克香克父子，讽刺了整个社会生活，尤其是医学行业。在西班牙，弗朗西斯科·戈雅在经历了自己神秘的疾病后，其作品变得愈发阴森且具讽刺意味；在法国，奥诺雷·杜米埃运用讽刺和幽默来揭露医学江湖骗术。还有像查尔斯·贝尔和让-马丁·沙尔科这样的医生也是有才华的漫画家。他们各自独特的艺术风格反映了他们的方法，也赋予了神经学不同的“形象”。漫画是科学和医学发展的流行写照，每当科学语言难以传播时，尤其是在神经学领域，就经常会被使用。
