Bjarnason S, Mikler J, Hill I, Tenn C, Garrett M, Caddy N, Sawyer T W
Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008 Mar;27(3):253-61. doi: 10.1177/0960327108090269.
An anesthetized domestic swine model was used to compare the efficacy and cross-contamination potential of selected skin decontaminant products and regimens against the chemical warfare agent, VX. Animals topically exposed to 2x, 3x or 5x LD(50) VX showed typical signs of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning, including miosis, salivation, mastication, dysrhythmias, and respiratory distress prior to death. Animals were exposed to 5x LD(50) VX and then decontaminated 45 min later with the reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL), Fuller's earth (FE), 0.5% hypochlorite, or soapy water. Survival was 100% when the reactive skin decontamination lotion or FE was utilized, although 50% of Fuller's earth-decontaminated animals exhibited serious signs of VX poisoning. Decontamination of VX-treated animals with 0.5% hypochlorite was less effective but also increased survival. Soapy water was ineffective in preventing lethality. Blood cholinesterase levels were not predictive of clinical outcome in decontaminated animals. The potential of "decontaminated" VX in open wounds to cause poisoning was assessed by vigorously mixing 5x LD(50) VX with the test decontaminants for 5 min and then placing the mixture onto a full-thickness skin wound. Soapy water was ineffective in preventing lethality. Although treatment with dry Fuller's earth prevented death and all signs of organophosphate poisoning, a significant proportion of treated animals decontaminated with Fuller's earth in aqueous suspension exhibited serious signs of organophosphate poisoning, suggesting that live agent may be desorbed from Fuller's earth when it is exposed to a liquid environment. Animals treated with reactive skin decontamination lotion or 0.5% hypochlorite-VX mixtures showed no signs of organophosphate poisoning during the 6- h test period.
使用麻醉的家猪模型比较所选皮肤去污产品和方案对化学战剂VX的功效及交叉污染可能性。局部暴露于2倍、3倍或5倍半数致死剂量（LD50）VX的动物在死亡前出现有机磷神经毒剂中毒的典型症状，包括瞳孔缩小、流涎、咀嚼、心律失常和呼吸窘迫。动物暴露于5倍LD50的VX，45分钟后用反应性皮肤去污洗剂（RSDL）、漂白土（FE）、0.5%次氯酸盐或肥皂水进行去污。使用反应性皮肤去污洗剂或FE时存活率为100%，尽管经漂白土去污的动物中有50%表现出严重的VX中毒症状。用0.5%次氯酸盐对VX处理的动物进行去污效果较差，但也提高了存活率。肥皂水在预防致死方面无效。血液胆碱酯酶水平不能预测去污动物的临床结果。通过将5倍LD50的VX与测试去污剂剧烈混合5分钟，然后将混合物置于全层皮肤伤口上，评估开放性伤口中“去污后”的VX导致中毒的可能性。肥皂水在预防致死方面无效。尽管用干燥的漂白土处理可防止死亡和所有有机磷中毒症状，但相当一部分用漂白土水悬浮液去污处理的动物表现出严重的有机磷中毒症状，这表明当漂白土暴露于液体环境时，活的毒剂可能会从漂白土上解吸下来。用反应性皮肤去污洗剂或0.5%次氯酸盐-VX混合物处理的动物在6小时测试期内未出现有机磷中毒症状。
