Rosseels Valérie, Huygen Kris
WIV-Pasteur Institute Brussels, Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, 642 Engelandstraat, B1180 Brussels, Belgium.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008 Aug;7(6):817-32. doi: 10.1586/14760584.7.6.817.
Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) affecting principally cattle, sheep and goats. Primarily, there are two clinical signs: cachexia and chronic diarrhea (less common in goats and sheep). This disease results in considerable economic losses in livestock industry, particularly the dairy sector. The route of transmission is mostly by the fecal-oral route, but hygienic measures and culling of shedding animals are not sufficient to eradicate this disease. Moreover, diagnostic tools available at this moment are not powerful enough to perform early and specific diagnosis. Existing vaccines, based on whole killed or live-attenuated bacteria, can delay the onset of clinical symptoms but do not protect against infection. Moreover, vaccinated animals develop antibodies that interfere with existing serodiagnostic tests for paratuberculosis and they become reactive in the tuberculin skin test, used for the control of bovine tuberculosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the immune responses induced by MAP infection, with focus on cattle studies. It provides an overview of the existing MAP vaccines and comments on the development of second-generation subunit vaccines based on new technologies.
约内氏病，即副结核病，是由鸟分枝杆菌副结核亚种（MAP）引起的反刍动物慢性肉芽肿性肠炎，主要影响牛、绵羊和山羊。主要有两种临床症状：恶病质和慢性腹泻（在山羊和绵羊中不太常见）。这种疾病给畜牧业，尤其是乳制品行业带来了巨大的经济损失。传播途径主要是粪-口途径，但卫生措施和对排菌动物的扑杀不足以根除这种疾病。此外，目前可用的诊断工具不够强大，无法进行早期和特异性诊断。现有的基于全菌灭活或减毒活细菌的疫苗可以延迟临床症状的出现，但不能预防感染。此外，接种疫苗的动物会产生抗体，干扰现有的副结核病血清学诊断试验，并且在用于控制牛结核病的结核菌素皮肤试验中呈阳性反应。本综述总结了目前关于MAP感染诱导的免疫反应的知识，重点是牛的研究。它概述了现有的MAP疫苗，并对基于新技术的第二代亚单位疫苗的开发进行了评论。
