Driving Adoption and Commercialization of Subunit Vaccines for Bovine Tuberculosis and Johne's Disease: Policy Choices and Implications for Food Security.

Infectious animal diseases, such as Johne's disease (JD) caused by (MAP) and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by , have been a challenge to the livestock industry globally, impacting negatively on animal, human and environmental health, and overall food security. Despite several industry-led and government initiatives and programs aimed at preventing and reducing losses associated with JD and bTB outbreaks, JD has remained endemic in many parts of the world while there have been incidental outbreaks of bTB. While several studies focus on sustainable intensification of food (crop) production as a critical solution to food insecurity, following the existential interconnection between animals, humans and the environment recognized by one health, we frame food security through the lens of animal disease prevention and control, given the importance of livestock products to human health and livelihood. Vaccination has been a popular strategy successfully used in controlling other infectious diseases. The paper focuses on an alternate strategy of two subunit vaccines with companion diagnostics targeted at individual pathogens to attain satisfactory immunological responses for JD and bTB. We examine gaps in vaccine policies, commercialization, and potential strategies that would strengthen animal disease prevention and enhance food security. The potential of public-private partnership in strengthening private sector participation in effective animal disease control and health delivery and the implications for global food security are discussed.