Keyes Margaret, Legrand Lisa N, Iacono William G, McGue Matt
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;165(10):1338-44. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010125. Epub 2008 Aug 1.
It is essential to understand the effect of parental smoking on offspring tobacco use. In biologically related families, parents who smoke may transmit a nonspecific genetic risk for offspring disinhibited behavior, including tobacco use. Studying adoptive families allows one to control for genetic confounding when examining the environmental effect of exposure to parental smoking. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental contributions to the risk represented by exposure to parental smoking and to assess the specificity of that risk.
Adolescents adopted in infancy were systematically ascertained from records of three private Minnesota adoption agencies; nonadopted adolescents were ascertained from Minnesota birth records. Adolescents and their rearing parents participated in all assessments in person. The main outcome measures were self-reports of behavioral deviance, substance use, and personality, as well as DSM-IV clinical assessments of childhood disruptive disorders.
The data from adoptive families suggest that exposure to parental smoking represents an environmental risk for substance use in adolescent offspring. In biologically related families, the effect of exposure to parental smoking is larger and more diverse, including substance use, disruptive behavior disorders, delinquency, deviant peer affiliations, aggressive attitudes, and preference for risk taking.
This study provides evidence for an environmentally mediated pathway by which parental smoking increases risk specifically for substance use in adolescent offspring. The data are also consistent with a genetically mediated pathway by which nonadoptive parents who smoke may also transmit a nonspecific genetic risk to their offspring for disinhibited behavior.
了解父母吸烟对子女烟草使用的影响至关重要。在有血缘关系的家庭中，吸烟的父母可能会将一种非特异性的遗传风险传递给子女，导致其出现行为抑制不足，包括烟草使用。研究收养家庭能够在考察父母吸烟暴露的环境影响时控制遗传混杂因素。本研究的目的是检验遗传和环境因素对父母吸烟暴露所代表的风险的影响，并评估该风险的特异性。
从明尼苏达州三家私立收养机构的记录中系统确定婴儿期被收养的青少年；从明尼苏达州出生记录中确定未被收养的青少年。青少年及其抚养父母亲自参与所有评估。主要结局指标包括行为偏差、物质使用和人格的自我报告，以及儿童期破坏性行为障碍的DSM-IV临床评估。
收养家庭的数据表明，父母吸烟暴露是青少年后代物质使用的一种环境风险。在有血缘关系的家庭中，父母吸烟暴露的影响更大且更多样化，包括物质使用、破坏性行为障碍、犯罪、不良同伴关系、攻击性态度以及冒险偏好。
本研究为父母吸烟增加青少年后代物质使用风险的环境介导途径提供了证据。数据还与遗传介导途径一致，即吸烟的非收养父母也可能将非特异性遗传风险传递给其后代，导致行为抑制不足。
