了解直接环境效应和被动基因-环境相关性在家族危险因素与儿童破坏性行为障碍之间关联中的相对作用。
Understanding the relative contributions of direct environmental effects and passive genotype-environment correlations in the association between familial risk factors and child disruptive behavior disorders.
作者信息
Bornovalova M A, Cummings J R, Hunt E, Blazei R, Malone S, Iacono W G
机构信息
Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
出版信息
Psychol Med. 2014 Mar;44(4):831-44. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713001086. Epub 2013 May 29.
BACKGROUND
Previous work reports an association between familial risk factors stemming from parental characteristics and offspring disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). This association may reflect (a) the direct effects of familial environment and (b) a passive gene-environment correlation (r(GE)), wherein the parents provide both the genes and the environment. The current study examined the contributions of direct environmental influences and passive r(GE) by comparing the effects of familial risk factors on child DBDs in genetically related (biological) and non-related (adoptive) families.
METHOD
Participants were 402 adoptive and 204 biological families. Familial environment was defined as maternal and paternal maladaptive parenting and antisociality, marital conflict and divorce; offspring DBDs included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Mixed-level regressions estimated the main effects of familial environment, adoption status and the familial environment by adoption status interaction term, which tested for the presence of passive r(GE).
RESULTS
There was a main effect of maternal and paternal maladaptive parenting and marital discord on child DBDs, indicating a direct environmental effect. There was no direct environmental effect of maternal or paternal antisociality, but maternal and paternal antisociality had stronger associations with child DBDs in biological families than adoptive families, indicating the presence of a passive r(GE).
CONCLUSIONS
Many familial risk factors affected children equally across genetically related and non-related families, providing evidence for direct environmental effects. The relationship of parental antisociality and offspring DBDs was best explained by a passive r(GE), where a general vulnerability toward externalizing psychopathology is passed down by the parents to the children.
背景
先前的研究报告了源于父母特征的家族风险因素与后代破坏性行为障碍（DBD）之间的关联。这种关联可能反映了（a）家庭环境的直接影响和（b）被动基因-环境相关性（r(GE)），即父母既提供基因又提供环境。本研究通过比较家族风险因素对有血缘关系（亲生）和无血缘关系（收养）家庭中儿童DBD的影响，检验了直接环境影响和被动r(GE)的作用。
方法
参与者包括402个收养家庭和204个亲生家庭。家庭环境定义为父母的适应不良养育方式和反社会行为、婚姻冲突和离婚；后代DBD包括注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、品行障碍（CD）和对立违抗障碍（ODD）。混合水平回归估计了家庭环境、收养状态以及家庭环境与收养状态交互项的主要影响，该交互项用于检验被动r(GE)的存在。
结果
父母的适应不良养育方式和婚姻不和对儿童DBD有主要影响，表明存在直接环境影响。父母的反社会行为没有直接环境影响，但与收养家庭相比，亲生家庭中父母的反社会行为与儿童DBD的关联更强，表明存在被动r(GE)。
结论
许多家族风险因素对有血缘关系和无血缘关系家庭的儿童影响相同，这为直接环境影响提供了证据。父母反社会行为与后代DBD之间的关系最好用被动r(GE)来解释，即父母将对外化精神病理学的一般易感性遗传给子女。
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