Pettersen Johan, Hertwich Edgar G
Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Jul 1;42(13):4639-47. doi: 10.1021/es702170v.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is the method of inventorying, assessing, and interpreting environmental interventions caused by products and product systems through their life cycle. The ecotoxicity of metals has proven a challenge for LCA given metal characteristics such as reversibility of removal processes, speciation, and the effect on bioavailability and ecotoxic effect assessment. Our review focuses on the first part of the ecotoxic impact chain for metals, i.e., the release of metals from solid deposits. According to the principle of temporal justice, sustainability assessment tools such as LCA should accountfor emissions regardless of temporal location distribution. This is in LCA commonly interpreted as leaching until depletion of metals bound in solid wastes under the presumption that infinite time implies infinite weathering. This approach is risk conservative for metals and it hampers the use of LCA to assess remediation projects for soils and sediments contaminated by inorganic substances. We discuss metal significance and inventory issues in LCA, and review existing and proposed approachesto make LCA applicable to metal long-term emission.
生命周期评估（LCA）是一种通过产品及其系统的生命周期来编制清单、评估和解释其引起的环境干预措施的方法。鉴于金属具有去除过程的可逆性、形态变化以及对生物有效性和生态毒性效应评估的影响等特性，金属的生态毒性已被证明是生命周期评估面临的一项挑战。我们的综述聚焦于金属生态毒性影响链的第一部分，即金属从固体沉积物中的释放。根据时间公平原则，诸如生命周期评估之类的可持续性评估工具应考虑排放，而不论其时间位置分布如何。在生命周期评估中，这通常被解释为在假定无限时间意味着无限风化的情况下，直至固体废物中结合的金属耗尽的浸出过程。这种方法对金属而言是风险保守型的，并且妨碍了使用生命周期评估来评估针对受无机物质污染的土壤和沉积物的修复项目。我们讨论了生命周期评估中金属的重要性和清单问题，并综述了使生命周期评估适用于金属长期排放的现有方法和提议方法。
