Both postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia have been identified as risk markers for cardiovascular disease, but parameters associated with these postprandial responses are largely unknown. The objective was to assess whether usually measured clinical and biochemical parameters can predict postprandial glucose and triglyceride responses and whether these responses are associated with each other. Postmenopausal women, 76 with normal glucose metabolism (NGM) and 41 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), received 2 consecutive fat-rich meals and carbohydrate-rich meals on separate occasions. Blood samples were taken before and at t = 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after breakfast; lunch was given at t = 4 hours. Regression analysis was performed with incremental area under the postprandial triglyceride curve (triglyceride-iAUC) and glucose curve (glucose-iAUC) after fat-rich and carbohydrate-rich meals, respectively. In women with NGM, fasting triglycerides, hemoglobin A(1c), total cholesterol, and, inversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were independently associated with triglyceride-iAUC; and age and fasting triglycerides were independently associated with glucose-iAUC. In women with T2DM, fasting triglycerides were independently associated with triglyceride-iAUC, whereas hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting glucose were stronger than fasting triglycerides associated with glucose-iAUC. Glucose-iAUC and triglyceride-iAUC were associated with each other in women with T2DM, but not in those with NGM. The association between glucose-iAUC and triglyceride-iAUC in women with T2DM and the association of fasting triglycerides with both glucose-iAUC and triglyceride-iAUC in NGM and T2DM suggest a common underlying mechanism for postprandial increments in glucose and triglycerides, especially in T2DM. Commonly measured clinical and biochemical parameters can only partly explain postprandial glucose and triglyceride excursions.