Jordet Geir, Hartmen Esther
Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008 Aug;30(4):450-7. doi: 10.1123/jsep.30.4.450.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all penalty shootouts ever held in the World Cup, the European Championships, and the UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence was assessed from the potential consequences of a shot outcome as follows: Shots where a goal instantly leads to victory were classified as positive valence shots and shots where a miss instantly leads to loss as negative valence shots. Avoidance behavior was defined as looking away from the goalkeeper or preparing the shot quickly (thus speeding up the wait). The results showed that avoidance behavior occurred more with negative valence shots than with positive shots and that players with negative valence shots performed worse than those with positive shots. Thus, avoidance motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure.
本研究的目的是考察在足球点球大战中射门效价、回避行为与表现之间的关系。对世界杯、欧洲锦标赛和欧洲足球冠军联赛中举行的所有点球大战进行了视频分析（共36次点球大战，359次罚球）。根据射门结果的潜在后果评估射门效价如下：进球立即导致胜利的射门被归类为正效价射门，射失立即导致失败的射门被归类为负效价射门。回避行为被定义为看向别处不看守门员或快速准备射门（从而缩短等待时间）。结果表明，负效价射门比正效价射门出现更多的回避行为，且负效价射门的球员表现比正效价射门的球员更差。因此，回避动机可能有助于解释为什么职业运动员在压力下偶尔会发挥失常。
