Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
J Sports Sci. 2013;31(9):921-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.762602. Epub 2013 Jan 29.
The keeper-independent strategy, in which a football penalty kicker selects a target location in advance and ignores the goalkeeper's actions during the run-up, has been suggested to be the preferable strategy for taking a penalty kick. The current in-field experiment investigated the question of whether the goalkeeper can indeed be ignored. Ten intermediate-level football players were instructed to adopt a goalkeeper-independent strategy and to perform penalty kicks directed at one of two targets located in the upper corners of the goal under three conditions: without a goalkeeper, in the presence of a goalkeeper (who tried to save the ball), and in the presence of a goalkeeper who was informed by the penalty kickers where they intended to direct the ball. The mere presence of a goalkeeper impaired shot accuracy. The shots were more centralised, that is, biased toward the goalkeeper. The effects were enhanced for the condition in which the penalty kicker knew the goalkeeper was knowledgeable about ball direction. The findings were consistent with the response activation model that holds that aiming at a target can be biased toward salient visual non-targets. The implications for adopting and practising goalkeeper-independent strategies are discussed.
守门员独立策略，即足球罚球队员预先选择目标位置，并在助跑过程中忽略守门员的动作，被认为是踢点球的优选策略。本场内场实验研究了守门员是否确实可以被忽略的问题。十位中级足球运动员被指示采用守门员独立策略，并在三种情况下将点球踢向球门上角的两个目标之一：没有守门员、有守门员（试图扑救球）和有守门员，罚球队员告知守门员他们打算将球踢向哪个方向。守门员的存在确实会降低射门准确性。射门更集中，也就是说，偏向守门员。对于罚球队员知道守门员了解球的方向的情况，效果更加明显。这些发现与反应激活模型一致，该模型认为瞄准目标可能会偏向于显著的视觉非目标。讨论了采用和实践守门员独立策略的意义。
