Kokkevi Anna, Fotiou Anastasios, Chileva Anina, Nociar Alojz, Miller Patrick
Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Subst Use Misuse. 2008 Dec;43(14):2053-65. doi: 10.1080/10826080802279342.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the association between anabolic steroid (AS) use and intensive physical exercise among adolescents.
DESIGN/SETTING: The 1999 cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). Data collection by standardized methodology using anonymous self-administered questionnaires completed in the classroom.
National probability samples of a total of 18,430 16-year-old high school students from six European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, the Slovak Republic, and the U.K.)
Besides AS use and physical exercise, questionnaire items selected for this study included tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use, indicators of other deviant behavior (self-harming thoughts and behavior, truancy, aggressive behavior), friends' use of AS, and perceived availability. Backward elimination with likelihood ratio tests was used to select the variables to be retained in a mutlifactorial model. Interactions of other independent variables with country were checked.
Logistic regression analysis of lifetime AS users compared to nonusers showed that the odds of lifetime AS use are 1.4 times higher for students who exercise almost daily and 1.8 times higher for boys compared to girls. Significant associations of AS use were also found with current frequent alcohol use, lifetime use of tranquilizers/sedatives and cannabis, and with the perceptions of friends' use of AS and of easy availability of the substance.
Findings indicate that daily exercising appears to increase the risk of anabolic steroid use in adolescents. However, a more general pattern of closely interlinked deviant types of behavior, such as other drug use and aggressive behavior, is prominent. Preventive interventions are needed targeted towards adolescents involved in intensive exercise and sport. These should take into account both the idiosyncrasy and setting of the sporting culture and the special characteristics of this group.
本文旨在调查青少年使用合成代谢类固醇（AS）与高强度体育锻炼之间的关联。
设计/背景：1999年欧洲学校酒精及其他药物调查项目（ESPAD）的横断面研究。采用标准化方法，通过在课堂上匿名自行填写问卷来收集数据。
来自六个欧洲国家（保加利亚、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、希腊、斯洛伐克共和国和英国）的18430名16岁高中生的全国概率样本。
除了AS使用情况和体育锻炼外，本研究选择的问卷项目还包括烟草、酒精和非法药物使用情况，其他越轨行为指标（自我伤害想法和行为、逃学、攻击性行为），朋友使用AS的情况以及感知的可得性。使用似然比检验进行向后消除，以选择保留在多因素模型中的变量。检查其他自变量与国家之间的相互作用。
对曾使用过AS的使用者与未使用者进行逻辑回归分析表明，几乎每天锻炼的学生曾使用AS的几率比不锻炼的学生高1.4倍，男孩使用AS的几率比女孩高1.8倍。还发现AS使用与当前频繁饮酒、曾使用镇静剂/安眠药和大麻以及对朋友使用AS的认知和该物质容易获取之间存在显著关联。
研究结果表明，日常锻炼似乎会增加青少年使用合成代谢类固醇的风险。然而，更普遍的一种相互紧密关联的越轨行为模式，如其他药物使用和攻击性行为，也很突出。需要针对参与高强度锻炼和运动的青少年进行预防性干预。这些干预应同时考虑体育文化的特质和背景以及该群体的特殊特征。
