Kokkevi Anna E, Arapaki Angeliki A, Richardson Clive, Florescu Silvia, Kuzman Marina, Stergar Eva
Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 May 11;88(2-3):308-12. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.004. Epub 2006 Nov 17.
To study the multifactorial correlates of adolescents' use of legal and illegal substances in six European countries and to assess whether a common pattern of factors exists irrespective of the countries' different sociocultural backgrounds.
Cross-sectional European school population survey (ESPAD) following standardized methodology.
National probability samples of 16-year-old high school students from Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Slovenia and the UK. Total sample 16,445.
Anonymous questionnaire self-administered in the classroom. Self-reported use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and other illegal drugs. Correlates examined: environmental, such as peer culture and family-related; behavior-related such as antisocial behavior, truancy and anomie; and psychological factors such as self-esteem and depressive mood.
Separate logistic regressions for the two genders produced a set of psychosocial correlates common to the use of all legal and illegal substances. The strongest were peer and older sibling models of use, and peer-oriented lifestyle, followed by patterns of antisocial behavior and truancy. Family-related variables such as not living with both parents, parental monitoring and relationships with parents were less significant. Self-esteem and depressive mood were not significant. Girls' use of substances, especially illegal ones, showed stronger associations than boys' with a deviant behavior pattern. Few interactions between country and other correlates were significant.
Common correlates can be identified across countries. Older siblings' and peers' substance have a strong impact on adolescents' use. Preventive interventions should include all substances with addictive potential.
研究六个欧洲国家青少年使用合法和非法药物的多因素关联，并评估是否存在一种与各国不同社会文化背景无关的共同因素模式。
采用标准化方法进行的欧洲学校人群横断面调查（ESPAD）。
来自保加利亚、克罗地亚、希腊、罗马尼亚、斯洛文尼亚和英国的16岁高中生全国概率样本。总样本量为16445。
在课堂上自行填写的匿名问卷。自我报告的烟草、酒精、大麻和其他非法药物的使用情况。所考察的关联因素包括：环境因素，如同伴文化和家庭相关因素；行为相关因素，如反社会行为、逃学和失范；以及心理因素，如自尊和抑郁情绪。
对两种性别的单独逻辑回归分析得出了一组所有合法和非法药物使用所共有的社会心理关联因素。最强的因素是同伴和年长兄弟姐妹的使用模式以及以同伴为导向的生活方式，其次是反社会行为和逃学模式。与家庭相关的变量，如不同时与父母双方生活在一起、父母的监督以及与父母的关系，重要性较低。自尊和抑郁情绪并不显著。女孩使用药物，尤其是非法药物，与偏差行为模式的关联比男孩更强。国家与其他关联因素之间的相互作用很少有显著的。
各国之间可以识别出共同的关联因素。年长兄弟姐妹和同伴的药物使用对青少年的使用有很大影响。预防性干预措施应涵盖所有具有成瘾潜力的药物。
