Astrup Arne
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008 Sep-Oct;32(5):575-7. doi: 10.1177/0148607108321707.
The optimal diet for prevention of weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes is fat-reduced, fiber-rich, high in low-energy density carbohydrates (fruit, vegetables, and whole grain products), and intake of energy-containing drinks is restricted.
The reduction of the total fat content of ad libitum diets produces weight loss in both the short term and over periods as long as 7 years. A fat-reduced diet, combined with physical activity, reduces almost all risk factors for cardiovascular disease and reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The combination of reduction of dietary fat and energy, and increased physical activity has been shown to reduce the incidence of diabetes by 58% in 2 major trials. In post hoc analyses, the reduction in dietary fat (energy density) and increase in fiber were the strongest predictors of weight loss and diabetes-protective effects. LOW-GLYCEMIC INDEX AND HIGH-PROTEIN DIETS: It remains to be shown whether a low-glycemic index diet provides any benefit to weight control beyond this. Low-carbohydrate diets may be an option for inducing weight loss in obese patients, but a very low intake of carbohydrate-rich foods is not commensurate with a healthy and palatable diet in the long term. However, there is evidence that increasing the protein content of the diet from 15% up to 20%-30%, at the expense of carbohydrates, increases the satiating effect of the diet, and induces a spontaneous weight loss, and this could turn out to be a preferred option for patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
预防体重增加、肥胖、代谢综合征和2型糖尿病的最佳饮食是脂肪含量降低、富含纤维、低能量密度碳水化合物（水果、蔬菜和全谷物产品）含量高，并且限制含能量饮料的摄入。
随意饮食中总脂肪含量的降低在短期和长达7年的时间内都会导致体重减轻。低脂饮食与体育活动相结合，几乎可以降低所有心血管疾病的风险因素，并降低2型糖尿病的发病率。在两项主要试验中，饮食脂肪和能量的减少与体育活动的增加相结合已被证明可将糖尿病发病率降低58%。在事后分析中，饮食脂肪（能量密度）的降低和纤维的增加是体重减轻和糖尿病保护作用的最强预测因素。
低血糖指数饮食是否能在此之外对体重控制产生任何益处仍有待证明。低碳水化合物饮食可能是肥胖患者诱导体重减轻的一种选择，但从长远来看，碳水化合物丰富食物的极低摄入量与健康可口的饮食不相称。然而，有证据表明，以碳水化合物为代价将饮食中的蛋白质含量从15%提高到20%-30%，会增加饮食的饱腹感，并导致体重自然减轻，这可能成为代谢综合征和2型糖尿病患者的首选方案。
