Gram-negative endocarditis.

Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are rare causes of endocarditis. The epidemiology and risk factors for developing gram-negative endocarditis are evolving. New pathogens, some of which are multidrug resistant, are emerging. The role of nosocomial infections, particularly central venous catheter infections, is increasing. Medical and surgical outcomes appear to be improving with more effective antimicrobial therapy and aggressive surgical management.