Artificial nerve tubes and their application for repair of peripheral nerve injury: an update of current concepts.

Over the last 20 years, an increasing number of research articles have reported on the use of artificial nerve tubes to repair nerve defects. The development of an artificial nerve tube as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafting is currently a focus of interest for peripheral nerve repair. The clinical employment of tubes as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafts is mainly justified by the limited availability of donor tissue for nerve autografts and the related morbidity. Numerous studies indicate that short-distance defects in humans can be successfully treated by implantation of artificial nerve guides. This review provides a brief overview of various preclinical and clinical trials conducted to evaluate the utility of artificial nerve tubes for the regeneration of peripheral nerves. This review is also intended to help update hand surgeons on the rapid advances in tubulization techniques, and to provide them with indications of the various directions toward which future research can proceed. Future studies need to provide us with as much comparative information as possible on the effectiveness of different tubulization techniques, in order to guide the surgeon in choosing the best indications for their optimal clinical employment. Future progress in implant development can be expected from interdisciplinary approaches involving both materials and life sciences, leading to advances in neuro-tissue engineering that will be needed to effectively treat larger nerve defects.