Günther M M, Ishida H, Kumakura H, Nakano Y
Abteilung Funktionelle Morphologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
Z Morphol Anthropol. 1991;78(3):341-72.
The jump is always used for locomotion. For its execution in arboreal and terrestrial biotopes the requirements are of somewhat different nature. In an arboreal biotope the jump is characterized by a rapid progression through discontinuous substrates and the ability to take off from a small area and a secure landing on a spot. This requires well coordinated movements in all phases of the jump. On the ground, the jump is less frequent and often used for crossing obstacles or gaps. In primates both variants can be observed. In order to relate the details of locomotor behaviour to a certain environment, the biomechanics of jumping are analyzed in five primate species: The three mainly arboreal prosimian species Galago moholi, the smallest and most specialized leaper of all, Galago garnettii, a medium-sized bushbaby with some capacities for jumping, and Lemur catta also with some abilities to jump. The two simian species, Macaca fuscata and Homo sapiens, are usually terrestrial and have good jumping capacities, although not in terms of quantity. The investigation is based on high-speed motion analyses (100-500 frames/second) and the synchronized records of a force-plate from which all subjects had to jump off. On the basis of the results two kinds of jumping can be distinguished: standing and running jumps. The three prosimian species perform standing jumps. Dorsiflexion of their tails compensates ventrally oriented rotational moments of the trunk during body extension at take-off. The upward arm swing yields an overall increase in take-off velocity without additional muscular force exerted by the legs. The main difference among the species are the high relative forces in the small Galago moholi (up to 13 times body weight) as compared to the larger G. garnettii (8.5 times body weight) and the even larger Lemur catta (4.5 times body weight). In Homo sapiens the standing jump is characterized by an extensive arm swing backward, which is then followed by a forward and upward movement. The velocity at take-off is much smaller if compared to the prosimians. The running jump in Macaca fuscata is always preceded by at least one gallop cycle. The body assumes a ball shape at the beginning of the actual take-off. This is advantageous for rotating the body into a position in which the trunk axis is in line with the direction of movement. The tail of the Japanese macaque is too short to compensate the trunk's lift exerted on the hip region by the extending hindlimbs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
跳跃总是用于移动。在树栖和陆地生物群落中进行跳跃时，其要求在性质上略有不同。在树栖生物群落中，跳跃的特点是通过不连续的基质快速前进，以及能够从小面积区域起跳并安全着陆。这需要在跳跃的各个阶段进行协调良好的动作。在地面上，跳跃不太频繁，通常用于跨越障碍物或间隙。在灵长类动物中可以观察到这两种跳跃方式。为了将运动行为的细节与特定环境联系起来，对五种灵长类动物的跳跃生物力学进行了分析：三种主要树栖的原猴类物种，即最小且最擅长跳跃的加氏婴猴（Galago moholi）、具有一定跳跃能力的中型丛猴加氏婴猴（Galago garnettii）以及也具备一定跳跃能力的环尾狐猴（Lemur catta）。两种猿类物种，即日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）和人类（Homo sapiens），通常生活在陆地上，具有良好的跳跃能力，尽管在跳跃量方面并非如此。该研究基于高速运动分析（每秒100 - 500帧）以及所有受试者起跳时力板产生的同步记录。根据结果，可以区分出两种跳跃方式：立定跳远和跑步跳远。三种原猴类物种进行立定跳远。在起跳时身体伸展过程中，它们尾巴的背屈可补偿躯干腹侧方向的旋转力矩。手臂向上摆动在不增加腿部额外肌肉力量的情况下，使起跳速度总体增加。这些物种之间的主要差异在于，体型较小的加氏婴猴（Galago moholi）（高达体重的13倍）与体型较大的加氏婴猴（Galago garnettii）（体重的8.5倍）以及体型更大的环尾狐猴（Lemur catta）（体重的4.5倍）相比，相对力量更高。在人类中，立定跳远的特点是手臂大幅度向后摆动，然后是向前向上的运动。与原猴类相比，起跳时的速度要小得多。日本猕猴的跑步跳远总是至少先有一个疾驰周期。在实际起跳开始时，身体呈球形。这有利于将身体旋转到躯干轴与运动方向一致的位置。日本猕猴的尾巴太短，无法补偿后肢伸展时施加在臀部区域的躯干升力。（摘要截取自400字）
