Brandt Adam R
Energy and Resources Group, 310 Barrows Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3050, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Oct 1;42(19):7489-95. doi: 10.1021/es800531f.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains kerogen, a fossil organic material. Kerogen can be heated to produce oil and gas (retorted). This has traditionally been a CO2-intensive process. In this paper, the Shell in situ conversion process (ICP), which is a novel method of retorting oil shale in place, is analyzed. The ICP utilizes electricity to heat the underground shale over a period of 2 years. Hydrocarbons are produced using conventional oil production techniques, leaving shale oil coke within the formation. The energy inputs and outputs from the ICP, as applied to oil shales of the Green River formation, are modeled. Using these energy inputs, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the ICP are calculated and are compared to emissions from conventional petroleum. Energy outputs (as refined liquid fuel) are 1.2-1.6 times greater than the total primary energy inputs to the process. In the absence of capturing CO2 generated from electricity produced to fuel the process, well-to-pump GHG emissions are in the range of 30.6-37.1 grams of carbon equivalent per megajoule of liquid fuel produced. These full-fuel-cycle emissions are 21%-47% larger than those from conventionally produced petroleum-based fuels.
油页岩是一种含有干酪根（一种化石有机物质）的沉积岩。干酪根可以被加热以生产石油和天然气（干馏）。传统上，这是一个二氧化碳密集型过程。在本文中，分析了壳牌原位转化工艺（ICP），这是一种就地干馏油页岩的新方法。ICP利用电力在两年时间内加热地下页岩。使用常规石油生产技术生产碳氢化合物，在地层中留下页岩油焦炭。对应用于格林河组油页岩的ICP的能量输入和输出进行了建模。利用这些能量输入，计算了ICP产生的温室气体（GHG）排放，并与传统石油的排放进行了比较。能量输出（作为精炼液体燃料）比该过程的总一次能源输入大1.2 - 1.6倍。在没有捕获为该过程提供燃料的电力产生的二氧化碳的情况下，从油井到油泵的温室气体排放范围为每生产一兆焦耳液体燃料产生30.6 - 37.1克碳当量。这些全燃料循环排放比传统生产的石油基燃料的排放大21% - 47%。
