David Daniel, Montgomery Guy H, Stan Rosana, Dilorenzo Terry, Erblich Joel
Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, No 37 Gh. Bilascu Street, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Cluj, Romania.
Pers Individ Dif. 2004 Jun;36(8):1945-1952. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.013.
Despite the large literature concerning the impact of hope and expectancy on various outcomes (e.g., nonvolitional), less is known about the constructs of hope and expectancy themselves. In a recent study, Montgomery et al. (2003) demonstrated that hopes and expectancies are separate but related constructs; however, because both hopes and expectancies were measured within the same context, it is possible that these findings were simply a methodological artifact. Furthermore, it is unknown whether these data would generalize to other populations. Taking into account the importance of this distinction for both the expectancy and hope literatures, the present study sought to: (1) Determine if the distinction between hope and expectancy is a general and reliable phenomenon by using a culturally different sample (i.e., Romanian sample); and (2) Examine the robustness of this distinction by controlling for the context effect. One hundred-twenty five volunteers completed items in regard to 10 nonvolitional outcome scenarios in one of five measurement contexts. The results revealed that hope and expectancy were distinct constructs (p < 0:0001), and that this distinction is both general and robust across contexts. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
尽管有大量关于希望和期望对各种结果（如非意志性结果）影响的文献，但对于希望和期望这两个概念本身的了解却较少。在最近的一项研究中，蒙哥马利等人（2003年）证明，希望和期望是相互独立但又相关的概念；然而，由于希望和期望都是在相同背景下进行测量的，所以这些发现有可能仅仅是一种方法上的人为现象。此外，这些数据是否能推广到其他人群尚不清楚。考虑到这种区分对于期望和希望文献的重要性，本研究旨在：（1）通过使用文化背景不同的样本（即罗马尼亚样本）来确定希望和期望之间的区分是否是一种普遍且可靠的现象；（2）通过控制背景效应来检验这种区分的稳健性。125名志愿者在五种测量背景之一中完成了关于10个非意志性结果情景的项目。结果显示，希望和期望是不同的概念（p < 0.0001），并且这种区分在不同背景下都是普遍且稳健的。文中还讨论了该研究结果对理论和研究的启示。
