Primary Care Research and Development Group, Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
Health Expect. 2009 Dec;12(4):347-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00570.x. Epub 2009 Aug 18.
In the literature, 'hope' has often been thought of as an ideal expectation. However, we believe the classification of hope as a type of expectation is problematic. Although both hopes and expectations are future-oriented cognitions, expectations are distinct in that they are an individual's probability-driven assessment of the most likely outcomes, while hopes are an assessment of the most desirable - but not necessarily the most probable - outcomes.
This paper presents a conceptual model of the factors that may serve as common antecedents of hopes and expectations, and a mechanism that may mediate their differentiation.
Ovid Healthstar and PsycINFO database searches from January 1967 to October 2008 were conducted. An integrative literature review, synthesis and conceptual model development were carried out. Outcome Our model envisages the differentiation of hope from expectation as a dynamic, longitudinal process consisting of three phases: appraisal of possible outcomes, cognitive analysis for achieving hopes and goal pursuit. Key variables such as temporal proximity, controllability, external resources, goals, affect, agency and pathways may moderate the extent of divergence by influencing the perceived probability of achieving desired outcomes.
Hopes and expectations are distinct, but linked, constructs. This preliminary conceptual model presents how hopes and expectations develop, become differentiated and how social-cognitive factors may moderate this relationship. A better understanding of hopes and expectations may assist health professionals in communicating illness-related expectations while maintaining the integrity of patient hopes.
在文献中，“希望”通常被认为是一种理想的期望。然而，我们认为将希望分类为期望是有问题的。尽管希望和期望都是面向未来的认知，但期望是不同的，因为它们是个体对最可能结果的概率驱动的评估，而希望是对最理想的——但不一定是最可能的——结果的评估。
本文提出了一个可能作为希望和期望共同前提的因素的概念模型，以及一个可能调节它们分化的机制。
对 1967 年 1 月至 2008 年 10 月期间的 Ovid Healthstar 和 PsycINFO 数据库进行了搜索。进行了综合文献综述、综合和概念模型开发。
我们的模型设想，希望与期望的分化是一个动态的、纵向的过程，由三个阶段组成：对可能结果的评估、为实现希望进行的认知分析和目标追求。时间接近度、可控性、外部资源、目标、情感、能动性和途径等关键变量可能通过影响对实现期望结果的感知概率来调节分歧的程度。
希望和期望是不同的，但又是相互关联的结构。这个初步的概念模型展示了希望和期望是如何发展、分化的，以及社会认知因素如何调节这种关系。更好地理解希望和期望可以帮助卫生专业人员在保持患者希望完整性的同时，传达与疾病相关的期望。
