Markowitsch Hans J
Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Nov;258 Suppl 5:98-103. doi: 10.1007/s00406-008-5021-3.
Autobiographical memory is described as integrated part of a number of memory systems which serve different functions in human information processing. These systems are regarded to be build-up onto each other both phylo- and ontogenetically and are named 'procedural memory', 'priming', 'perceptual memory', 'semantic memory (or knowledge system)' and episodic-autobiographical memory (EAM)'. Of these, EAM requires an established self and autonoetic consciousness and processes events or personal episodes. On the brain level, EAM is based on the synchronous activation of cognitive fact-processing and emotional, evaluating structures (e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdaloid body). Retrieval from EAM requires the activation of fronto-temporal areas and of limbic regions, particularly of the right hemisphere. Damage to these structures or their functional disengagement due to traumatic, stressful events selectively blocks the retrieval of EAM, though that of facts remains unimpaired ('mnestic block syndrome'). Consequently, both brain tissue damage and an altered hormonal status can have the same consequences, namely severe retrograde amnesia, which is either named organic or dissociative amnesia.
自传体记忆被描述为多个记忆系统的整合部分，这些系统在人类信息处理中发挥着不同的功能。从种系发生和个体发生的角度来看，这些系统被认为是相互构建的，并被命名为“程序性记忆”“启动效应”“感知记忆”“语义记忆（或知识系统）”和情景 - 自传体记忆（EAM）。其中，EAM 需要一个既定的自我和自知意识，并处理事件或个人经历。在大脑层面，EAM 基于认知事实处理和情感评估结构（如海马结构、杏仁体）的同步激活。从 EAM 中检索信息需要激活额颞区域和边缘区域，特别是右半球。由于创伤性、应激性事件导致这些结构受损或其功能脱离，会选择性地阻断 EAM 的检索，而事实记忆仍未受损（“记忆阻断综合征”）。因此，脑组织损伤和激素状态改变都可能产生相同的后果，即严重的逆行性遗忘，这被称为器质性或分离性遗忘。
