Macedo-Sousa Joaquim A, Soares Amadeu M V M, Tarazona José V
CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Jan 15;407(3):1224-31. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.052. Epub 2008 Nov 5.
Every year millions of tons of chemical products are disposed to the environment as a result of human activities, with deleterious consequences to biodiversity. In Europe the biodiversity policy basis for action is provided by the Birds and the Habitats Directives. According to these directives a network of protected areas is being built across EU countries encompassing the Natura 2000 Network. But the management plans of these protected areas do not require an ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals used within its limits. As for risk assessment protocols described in EC pieces of legislation and technical guidance documents, they are generic guidelines that not take into consideration regional particularities, e.g. the Mediterranean ecoregion specificities, and its local ecological values. Herewith we present a conceptual model for the assessment of risks posed by agriculture to bird species of conservationist concern from Natura 2000 Network sites; an example is set in a cereal steppe of the Iberian Peninsula. Hazards identified are related to the utilization of herbicides, disposal of sewage sludge to be used as fertilizer, and the input of veterinary pharmaceuticals that can be found in livestock dung and urine. This innovative model, to be used in high tier risk assessment, takes into account the biotic parameters of the protected bird species: great bustard (Otis tarda), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), and montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus). The transfer of chemicals is considered to occur mainly through a realistic trophic chain scenario according to the different feeding behaviour among different species and even within the same species when having different feeding habits (e.g. adults and juveniles). Moreover, the probabilistic approach is proposed in order to perform a transparent risk assessment and clearer risk communication.
由于人类活动，每年有数百万吨化学产品被排放到环境中，对生物多样性造成有害影响。在欧洲，鸟类和栖息地指令为生物多样性行动政策提供了依据。根据这些指令，一个涵盖“自然2000”网络的保护区网络正在欧盟各国建立。但这些保护区的管理计划并不要求对其范围内使用的化学品进行生态毒理学评估。至于欧盟立法和技术指导文件中描述的风险评估协议，它们是通用指南，没有考虑到区域特殊性，例如地中海生态区域的特殊性及其当地生态价值。在此，我们提出一个概念模型，用于评估农业对“自然2000”网络站点中受保护鸟类物种构成的风险；以伊比利亚半岛的谷物草原为例。识别出的危害与除草剂的使用、用作肥料的污水污泥的处置以及在牲畜粪便和尿液中发现的兽药投入有关。这个创新模型将用于高层次风险评估，考虑了受保护鸟类物种的生物参数：大鸨（Otis tarda）、小黄脚隼（Falco naumanni）和矛隼（Circus pygargus）。根据不同物种之间甚至同一物种内不同食性（如成年和幼年）的不同取食行为，认为化学物质的转移主要通过现实的营养链情景发生。此外，为了进行透明的风险评估和更清晰的风险沟通，还提出了概率方法。
