Kaber David B, Alexander Amy L, Stelzer Emily M, Kim Sang-Hwan, Kaufmann Karl, Hsiang Simon
Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Nov;79(11):1007-18. doi: 10.3357/asem.2319.2008.
Synthetic and enhanced vision systems (SVS and EVS) are being introduced into the cockpit to promote safety under workload conditions. Integration of existing iconic imagery with SVS and EVS displays may lead to perceptions of clutter. This research evaluated head-up display (HUD) features, including SVS, EVS, traffic collision avoidance system symbology, flight pathway (TUNNEL) guidance, and different primary flight display symbol sets, on pilot perceptions of clutter. A perceptual decomposition of the construct of clutter was also conducted.
During a simulated landing, 4 expert pilots viewed images of 16 HUD configurations. Pilots rated clutter for each image and the utility of pairs of terms for describing clutter.
Results revealed all HUD features and two-way interactions to be significant in perceived clutter. Ratings increased with additional features. The presence of EVS, TUNNEL, and an expanded symbol set contributed the most. Regression models were developed to predict the likelihood of clutter ratings based on pilot perceptions of display characteristics. Pairs of terms found to have the greatest use for describing clutter included "redundant/orthogonal," "monochromatic/colorful," "salient/not salient," "safe/unsafe," and "dense/sparse" (in that order). A factor analysis revealed underlying display qualities explaining approximately 78% of variability in perceived clutter, including global density, feature similarity, feature clarity, and the dynamic nature of displays. These qualities corresponded with the display descriptor terms plus the terms "static/dynamic."
The study provided information on the relationship of display features and pilot perceptions of clutter. We identified terminology pilots use to describe clutter and latent display variables that drive perceived clutter.
合成视觉系统和增强视觉系统（SVS和EVS）正被引入驾驶舱，以在工作负荷条件下提升安全性。将现有的图标图像与SVS和EVS显示器集成可能会导致杂乱感。本研究评估了平视显示器（HUD）的功能，包括SVS、EVS、交通防撞系统符号、飞行路径（隧道）引导以及不同的主飞行显示器符号集对飞行员杂乱感的影响。还对杂乱概念进行了感知分解。
在模拟着陆过程中，4名专家飞行员观看了16种HUD配置的图像。飞行员对每张图像的杂乱程度以及用于描述杂乱的术语对的效用进行评分。
结果显示，所有HUD功能以及双向交互在感知杂乱方面都具有显著性。随着功能的增加，评分也会提高。EVS、隧道引导和扩展符号集的存在贡献最大。基于飞行员对显示特征的感知，开发了回归模型来预测杂乱评分的可能性。被发现对描述杂乱最有用的术语对包括“冗余/正交”、“单色/彩色”、“突出/不突出”、“安全/不安全”和“密集/稀疏”（按此顺序）。因子分析揭示了潜在的显示质量，这些质量解释了感知杂乱中约78%的变异性，包括全局密度、特征相似性、特征清晰度和显示的动态性质。这些质量与显示描述符术语以及“静态/动态”术语相对应。
该研究提供了关于显示功能与飞行员杂乱感之间关系的信息。我们确定了飞行员用于描述杂乱的术语以及驱动感知杂乱的潜在显示变量。
