Kim Sang-Hwan, Prinzel Lawrence J, Kaber David B, Alexander Amy L, Stelzer Emily M, Kaufmann Karl, Veil Theo
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2011 Nov;82(11):1013-22. doi: 10.3357/asem.3017.2011.
This study was conducted to: develop a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision; assess the influence of HUD configuration on perceptions of display clutter, workload, and flight performance; model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties; and model flight performance in terms of subjective and objective clutter indices.
In a flight simulator, 18 pilots with different levels of flight experience flew approaches divided into three segments. Three HUD configuration sets were presented under two levels of flight workload. Pilot ratings of overall display clutter, its underlying dimensions, and mental workload were recorded along with flight performance measures. Display image analysis software was used to measure visual properties of the HUDs.
The multidimensional measure of clutter showed internal consistency with overall perceived clutter. Calculated clutter scores were sensitive to HUD configurations and in agreement with a priori display classifications. There was a trend for the extremes of display clutter to cause higher workload and less stable performance due to cognitive complexity and a lack of information for high and low clutter displays, respectively. Multiple linear regression models of perceived clutter were developed based on HUD visual properties with predictive utility. Models of flight performance based on the clutter score and workload ratings were also developed, but with less predictive power.
Measures and models of display clutter are expected to be applicable to the evaluation of a range of display concepts.
本研究旨在：开发一种针对包含增强视觉和合成视觉的先进平视显示器（HUD）的显示杂乱度的多维测量方法；评估HUD配置对显示杂乱度感知、工作负荷和飞行性能的影响；根据视觉显示特性对杂乱度得分进行建模；以及根据主观和客观杂乱度指标对飞行性能进行建模。
在飞行模拟器中，18名具有不同飞行经验水平的飞行员进行进近操作，进近操作分为三个阶段。在两种飞行工作负荷水平下展示了三组HUD配置。记录了飞行员对整体显示杂乱度、其潜在维度和心理工作负荷的评分以及飞行性能指标。使用显示图像分析软件测量HUD的视觉特性。
杂乱度的多维测量方法与整体感知到的杂乱度具有内部一致性。计算出的杂乱度得分对HUD配置敏感，并且与先验显示分类一致。由于认知复杂性以及高杂乱度和低杂乱度显示分别缺乏信息，显示杂乱度的极端情况往往会导致更高的工作负荷和更不稳定的性能。基于具有预测效用的HUD视觉特性开发了感知杂乱度的多元线性回归模型。还开发了基于杂乱度得分和工作负荷评分的飞行性能模型，但预测能力较弱。
显示杂乱度的测量方法和模型有望适用于一系列显示概念的评估。
