Present and Future Developments in Hepatic Tissue Engineering for Liver Support Systems : State of the art and future developments of hepatic cell culture techniques for the use in liver support systems.

The liver is the most important organ for the biotransformation of xenobiotics, and the failure to treat acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure causes high mortality rates in affected patients. Due to the lack of donor livers and the limited possibility of the clinical management there has been growing interest in the development of extracorporeal liver support systems as a bridge to liver transplantation or to support recovery during hepatic failure. Earlier attempts to provide liver support comprised non-biological therapies based on the use of conventional detoxification procedures, such as filtration and dialysis. These techniques, however, failed to meet the expected efficacy in terms of the overall survival rate due to the inadequate support of several essential liver-specific functions. For this reason, several bioartificial liver support systems using isolated viable hepatocytes have been constructed to improve the outcome of treatment for patients with fulminant liver failure by delivering essential hepatic functions. However, controlled trials (phase I/II) with these systems have shown no significant survival benefits despite the systems' contribution to improvements in clinical and biochemical parameters. For the development of improved liver support systems, critical issues, such as the cell source and culture conditions for the long-term maintenance of liver-specific functions in vitro, are reviewed in this article. We also discuss aspects concerning the performance, biotolerance and logistics of the selected bioartificial liver support systems that have been or are currently being preclinically and clinically evaluated.