King James E, Weiss Alexander, Sisco Melissa M
Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 2008 Nov;122(4):418-27. doi: 10.1037/a0013125.
Ratings of 202 chimpanzees on 43 personality descriptor adjectives were used to calculate scores on five domains analogous to the human Five-Factor Model and a chimpanzee-specific Dominance domain. Male and female chimpanzees were divided into five age groups ranging from juvenile to old adult. Internal consistencies and interrater reliabilities of factors were stable across age groups and approximately 6.8 year retest reliabilities were high. Age-related declines in Extraversion and Openness and increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness paralleled human age differences. The mean change in absolute standardized units for all five factors was virtually identical in humans and chimpanzees after adjustment for different developmental rates. Consistent with their aggressive behavior in the wild, male chimpanzees were rated as more aggressive, emotional, and impulsive than females. Chimpanzee sex differences in personality were greater than comparable human gender differences. These findings suggest that chimpanzee and human personality develop via an unfolding maturational process.
对202只黑猩猩在43个个性描述形容词上的评分，被用于计算五个与人类五因素模型类似的领域，以及一个特定于黑猩猩的支配领域的得分。雄性和雌性黑猩猩被分为五个年龄组，从幼年到老年。各因素的内部一致性和评分者间信度在各年龄组中稳定，且约6.8年的重测信度较高。外向性和开放性随年龄下降，宜人性和尽责性随年龄增加，这与人类的年龄差异相似。在对不同发育速率进行调整后，人类和黑猩猩所有五个因素的绝对标准化单位的平均变化几乎相同。与它们在野外的攻击性行为一致，雄性黑猩猩被评为比雌性更具攻击性、情绪化和冲动。黑猩猩在个性上的性别差异大于人类相应的性别差异。这些发现表明，黑猩猩和人类的个性是通过一个逐渐展开的成熟过程发展而来的。
