Larbi Anis, Fülöp Tamas, Pawelec Graham
Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Tübingen Aging and Tumour Immunology Group, Section for Transplantation Immunology and Immunohematology, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;640:312-24. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_21.
Aging is associated with a myriad of changes including alterations in glucose metabolism, brain function, hormonal regulation, muscle homeostasis and the immune system. Aged dividuals, generally still defined as over 65 years old, differ from middle-aged or young donors in many features of the immune system. The major observation is that the elderly population is not able to cope with infections as well as younger adults and recovery generally takes longer. Moreover, some diseases first appear with advancing age and are likely associated with dysfunction of the immune system. Thus, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes and some autoimmune disorders are linked to changes in immune function. One major immune cell population implicated as being responsible for the initiation and chronicity of immune dysfunction leading to diseases or immunosuppression is the T-cell. Although many changes in B-cell and innate immune function in aging are associated with the appearance of disease, they are not as well studied and clearly demarcated as changes in the T-cell compartment. The adaptive immune system is coordinated by T-cells, the activation of which is required for the initiation, maintenance and termination of responses against pathogens. Changes in the expression and functions of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigen and its co-receptors are closely associated with immunosenescence. Certain similar changes have also been found in some other disease states, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer. In this chapter, we will summarize our knowledge about multichain immune recognition receptor signaling, mainly the TCR, in aging and autoimmune diseases.
衰老与众多变化相关，包括葡萄糖代谢、脑功能、激素调节、肌肉稳态和免疫系统的改变。老年人，通常仍定义为65岁以上，在免疫系统的许多特征上与中年或年轻捐赠者不同。主要观察结果是，老年人群应对感染的能力不如年轻人，恢复通常需要更长时间。此外，一些疾病在年龄增长时首次出现，可能与免疫系统功能障碍有关。因此，阿尔茨海默病、动脉粥样硬化、II型糖尿病和一些自身免疫性疾病与免疫功能变化有关。一种主要的免疫细胞群体——T细胞，被认为是导致疾病或免疫抑制的免疫功能障碍起始和慢性化的原因。尽管衰老过程中B细胞和固有免疫功能的许多变化与疾病的出现有关，但它们的研究不如T细胞区室的变化那样深入和明确。适应性免疫系统由T细胞协调，其激活是针对病原体的反应起始、维持和终止所必需的。抗原T细胞受体（TCR）及其共受体的表达和功能变化与免疫衰老密切相关。在一些其他疾病状态中也发现了某些类似的变化，例如类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮和癌症。在本章中，我们将总结我们对衰老和自身免疫性疾病中多链免疫识别受体信号传导，主要是TCR的认识。
