Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
Arch Sex Behav. 2010 Apr;39(2):573-83. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008-9420-3. Epub 2008 Dec 9.
There are two distinct subtypes of male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals: homosexual and nonhomosexual. The relative prevalence of these two subtypes varies dramatically between countries, but no explanation of this variability has yet been proposed. This study examined the hypothesis that the prevalence of nonhomosexual MtF transsexualism, relative to homosexual MtF transsexualism, would be higher in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries. I analyzed data from 22 studies of MtF transsexualism, conducted in 16 countries, examining the association between percentage of nonhomosexual participants and Hofstede's (Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, 2001) Individualism Index (IDV). IDV accounted for 77% of observed variance in the percentage of nonhomosexual MtF participants (r = 0.88, p < .0001). Controlling for differences in national wealth and in Hofstede's other indices of societal values (Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity) did not significantly change the ability of IDV to account for variance in the percentage of nonhomosexual participants. The factors that contribute to the observed association between societal individualism and the relative prevalence of nonhomosexual MtF transsexualism remain to be determined, but a greater tolerance within individualistic countries for socially disruptive gender transitions by nonhomosexual gender dysphoric men, and the availability within many collectivistic countries of socially approved transgender roles for pervasively feminine homosexual gender dysphoric men, are plausible contributors.
有两种截然不同的男性向女性（MtF）易性癖亚型：同性恋和非同性恋。这两种亚型的相对流行率在不同国家之间差异巨大，但尚未提出对此变异性的解释。本研究检验了以下假设：与同性恋 MtF 易性癖相比，非同性恋 MtF 易性癖的流行率在个人主义国家中会高于集体主义国家。我分析了来自 16 个国家的 22 项 MtF 易性癖研究的数据，研究了非同性恋参与者的比例与霍夫斯泰德（文化的后果：比较价值观、行为、制度和组织在国家之间的差异，2001 年）个人主义指数（IDV）之间的关联。IDV 解释了非同性恋 MtF 参与者比例的 77%的可观察方差（r = 0.88，p <.0001）。控制国家财富的差异以及霍夫斯泰德的其他社会价值观指数（权力距离、不确定性回避和男性气质）并没有显著改变 IDV 对非同性恋参与者比例方差的解释能力。导致社会个人主义与非同性恋 MtF 易性癖相对流行率之间观察到的关联的因素仍有待确定，但在个人主义国家中，对非同性恋性别焦虑男性的社会破坏性性别转变的容忍度更高，以及在许多集体主义国家中，对普遍具有女性气质的同性恋性别焦虑男性的社会认可的跨性别角色的可用性，是合理的贡献因素。
