Ryskov Alexei P
Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2008;270:319-49. doi: 10.1016/S1937-6448(08)01407-X.
There are more than 70 known unisexual species of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. They are all-female populations of interspecific hybrid origin that reproduce without sex via altered gametogenetic mechanisms. They are either sperm independent as in parthenogenesis or sperm dependent as in gynogenesis or hybridogenesis, which causes clonal (or hemiclonal) inheritance. The first two modes of reproduction produce species composed of genetically isolated clones. In many previous papers, origin and ancestry, clonal diversity based on allozyme or mitochondrial DNA variation, ecology and evolution of unisexual vertebrates were discussed. This chapter reviews the role of mutations in genome diversity of some unisexual vertebrates revealed by DNA fingerprinting and/or by locus-specific PCR. It also describes recent data on molecular structure of unstable microsatellite loci and their allelic variants in parthenogenetic lizard species. The available data demonstrate that microsatellite mutations as well as point mutations in flanking regions make significant contribution in genome diversity of, at least some, clonaly reproduced vertebrates.
已知有70多种鱼类、两栖动物和爬行动物的单性物种。它们都是种间杂交起源的全雌种群，通过改变配子发生机制进行无性繁殖。它们要么像孤雌生殖那样不依赖精子，要么像雌核发育或杂交起源那样依赖精子，这导致了克隆（或半克隆）遗传。前两种繁殖方式产生的物种由基因隔离的克隆组成。在许多先前的论文中，讨论了单性脊椎动物的起源和祖先、基于等位酶或线粒体DNA变异的克隆多样性、生态学和进化。本章回顾了通过DNA指纹图谱和/或位点特异性PCR揭示的突变在一些单性脊椎动物基因组多样性中的作用。它还描述了关于孤雌生殖蜥蜴物种中不稳定微卫星位点及其等位基因变体分子结构的最新数据。现有数据表明，微卫星突变以及侧翼区域的点突变至少对一些克隆繁殖的脊椎动物的基因组多样性有重大贡献。
