Translational control of gene expression from transcripts to transcriptomes.

The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to diverse biological processes, including cell growth and division, adaptation to environmental stress, as well as differentiation and development. Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels from transcription to protein degradation. The regulation at the level of translation, from specific transcripts to entire transcriptomes, adds considerable richness and sophistication to gene regulation. The past decade has provided much insight into the diversity of mechanisms and strategies to regulate translation in response to external or internal factors. Moreover, the increased application of different global approaches now provides a wealth of information on gene expression control from a genome-wide perspective. Here, we will (1) describe aspects of mRNA processing and translation that are most relevant to translational regulation, (2) review both well-known and emerging concepts of translational regulation, and (3) survey recent approaches to analyze translational and related posttranscriptional regulation at genome-wide levels.